GACE Special Education Math and
Science 2023-2024 100% Defined
Anion -ANS-A negatively charged ion. It is formed by adding electrons to atoms or molecules.
Cation -ANS-A positively charged ion that is formed by removal of electrons from atoms or molecules.
Ionic Crystal -ANS-A crystal that is made up of two or more elements. The positive and negative ions are
arranged in a definitive pattern. They are held together by electrostatic attraction. Some examples
include sodium chloride and cesium chloride.
Lattice -ANS-A three-dimensional arrangement of points. It is used to describe positions of particles such
as atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid. The lattice structure may be examined using X-ray
diffraction techniques.
Mixture -ANS-Made up of two or more substances that are combined in various proportions with each
retaining its own specific properties. A mixture's components may be seperated by physical means, that
is without making and breaking chemical bonds. An example would be table salt being completely
dissolved in water.
Heterogeneous Mixture -ANS-Mixtures in which the composition and properties are not uniform
throughout the entire sample. Examples include concrete and wood.
Homogeneous Mixture -ANS-Mixtures where the composition and properties are uniform throughout
the entire sample.
Pure Substance -ANS-Substances with composition that is constant. They may fit the classification as
either a compound or an element.
Specific Heat -ANS-The amount of heat per unit mass needed to raise the temperature by one degree
Celsius.
Heat of Fusion -ANS-The energy that is needed to change a gram of a substance from a solid state to a
liquid state without changing its temperature.
, Heat of Vaporization -ANS-The energy needed to change a gram of liquid into a gas at its boiling point.
Calorie -ANS-A measurement of energy. It has been replaced by the joule in many areas, but it is still
commonly used for measuring the amount of energy that is obtained from food.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) -ANS-A unit of energy used in the United States and has been replaced by the
joule in many areas. It is also the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of
avoirdupois of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It takes 143 Btu to melt a pound of ice. A Btu often is
used to describe a fuel's heat value and Btu per hour is used for measuring heating and cooling power
for various systems. One Btu is equal to about 252 calories or about 1060 joules.
Atomic Number -ANS-All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neurons that they
contain. The atomic number (often denoted as Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom
of an element. In a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Atomic Mass Number -ANS-It is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an
atom of an element. It is often denoted as A.
Mass Number -ANS-In general, the mass number is given by (number of protons + number of neutrons)
= ( atomic number + number of neutrons).
Mass Number (cont...) -ANS-Atoms of a given element typically do not all have the same mass. Three
types of hydrogen atoms exist, for example, which differ only in their number of neurons. They are
hydrogen, and tritium which has one proton and no neutrons; deuterium, which has one proton and one
neruron; and tritium, which has one proton and two neurons.
Isotopes -ANS-Atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Anion (cont...) -ANS-A negatively charged ion produced when an atom gains an electron. The
nonmetallic atoms in compounds tend to form anions because they exert a stronger pull on neighboring
electrons.
Science 2023-2024 100% Defined
Anion -ANS-A negatively charged ion. It is formed by adding electrons to atoms or molecules.
Cation -ANS-A positively charged ion that is formed by removal of electrons from atoms or molecules.
Ionic Crystal -ANS-A crystal that is made up of two or more elements. The positive and negative ions are
arranged in a definitive pattern. They are held together by electrostatic attraction. Some examples
include sodium chloride and cesium chloride.
Lattice -ANS-A three-dimensional arrangement of points. It is used to describe positions of particles such
as atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid. The lattice structure may be examined using X-ray
diffraction techniques.
Mixture -ANS-Made up of two or more substances that are combined in various proportions with each
retaining its own specific properties. A mixture's components may be seperated by physical means, that
is without making and breaking chemical bonds. An example would be table salt being completely
dissolved in water.
Heterogeneous Mixture -ANS-Mixtures in which the composition and properties are not uniform
throughout the entire sample. Examples include concrete and wood.
Homogeneous Mixture -ANS-Mixtures where the composition and properties are uniform throughout
the entire sample.
Pure Substance -ANS-Substances with composition that is constant. They may fit the classification as
either a compound or an element.
Specific Heat -ANS-The amount of heat per unit mass needed to raise the temperature by one degree
Celsius.
Heat of Fusion -ANS-The energy that is needed to change a gram of a substance from a solid state to a
liquid state without changing its temperature.
, Heat of Vaporization -ANS-The energy needed to change a gram of liquid into a gas at its boiling point.
Calorie -ANS-A measurement of energy. It has been replaced by the joule in many areas, but it is still
commonly used for measuring the amount of energy that is obtained from food.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) -ANS-A unit of energy used in the United States and has been replaced by the
joule in many areas. It is also the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of
avoirdupois of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It takes 143 Btu to melt a pound of ice. A Btu often is
used to describe a fuel's heat value and Btu per hour is used for measuring heating and cooling power
for various systems. One Btu is equal to about 252 calories or about 1060 joules.
Atomic Number -ANS-All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neurons that they
contain. The atomic number (often denoted as Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom
of an element. In a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Atomic Mass Number -ANS-It is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an
atom of an element. It is often denoted as A.
Mass Number -ANS-In general, the mass number is given by (number of protons + number of neutrons)
= ( atomic number + number of neutrons).
Mass Number (cont...) -ANS-Atoms of a given element typically do not all have the same mass. Three
types of hydrogen atoms exist, for example, which differ only in their number of neurons. They are
hydrogen, and tritium which has one proton and no neutrons; deuterium, which has one proton and one
neruron; and tritium, which has one proton and two neurons.
Isotopes -ANS-Atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Anion (cont...) -ANS-A negatively charged ion produced when an atom gains an electron. The
nonmetallic atoms in compounds tend to form anions because they exert a stronger pull on neighboring
electrons.
