Critical Thinking D265 WGU Section 1: Qs & As
What is meant by validity or strength of an argument? ✔️Ans - Generally,
Strong Arguments are ones that are convincing. And an argument is valid if
the premises(if true) provide proof of the conclusion.
What are the different types of inferences? ✔️Ans - - Deduction
- Induction
-Abduction
Inference ✔️Ans - A conclusion one can draw from the presented details.
deduction ✔️Ans - forming a general conclusion based on specific
observations
Induction ✔️Ans - forming a specific conclusion based on general premise.
Abduction reasoning ✔️Ans - rules out explanations until most plausible
remains
truth ✔️Ans - A proposition that accurately represents reality.
validity ✔️Ans - In a good deductive argument structure, when true premises
make the conclusion necessarily true.
invalidity ✔️Ans - One or two of the premises are false, thus making the
conclusion false.
Soundness ✔️Ans - The deductive argument is valid, and all premises are
true premises.
Unsoundness ✔️Ans - When the argument is invalid or the premises are
false.
How is truth connected to propositions? ✔️Ans - The relationship that holds
between a proposition and its corresponding fact. If a proposition is true, then
the conclusion is true, but if it's false then it's false.
, valid argument form ✔️Ans - an argument form in which every substitution
instance is a valid (true) argument
invalid argument form ✔️Ans - an argument form that has some invalid
(false) substitution instances
Differentiate between truth, strength, and cogency. ✔️Ans - - A strong
argument can have a false conclusion even if it starts with true premises
(strong arguments only make the conclusion probable, not certain).
- cogent argument must have true premises. Cogency is strength plus true
premises.
Cogency: In a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.
All True Premises + Strong Inductive Support = Cogency Argument
Strength of an Argument ✔️Ans - In the inductive argument, true premises
make the conclusion probably true. (but not necessarily a guarantee, but the
premises are supportive)
Cogency ✔️Ans - In a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.
Fallacy ✔️Ans - a type of bad argument.
Formal Fallacy ✔️Ans - a logical error that occurs in the form or structure of
an argument; it is restricted to deductive arguments
informal fallacy ✔️Ans - a mistake in reasoning that occurs in ordinary
language and is different from an error in the form or structure of arguments
The Fallacy Fallacy ✔️Ans - You presumed that because a claim has been
poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.
the fallacy fallacy example ✔️Ans - Recognizing that Amanda had committed
a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said
it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double
cheeseburgers every day.
types of informal fallacies ✔️Ans - - Ad Hominem
- Appeal to Ignorance
- Begging the Question
What is meant by validity or strength of an argument? ✔️Ans - Generally,
Strong Arguments are ones that are convincing. And an argument is valid if
the premises(if true) provide proof of the conclusion.
What are the different types of inferences? ✔️Ans - - Deduction
- Induction
-Abduction
Inference ✔️Ans - A conclusion one can draw from the presented details.
deduction ✔️Ans - forming a general conclusion based on specific
observations
Induction ✔️Ans - forming a specific conclusion based on general premise.
Abduction reasoning ✔️Ans - rules out explanations until most plausible
remains
truth ✔️Ans - A proposition that accurately represents reality.
validity ✔️Ans - In a good deductive argument structure, when true premises
make the conclusion necessarily true.
invalidity ✔️Ans - One or two of the premises are false, thus making the
conclusion false.
Soundness ✔️Ans - The deductive argument is valid, and all premises are
true premises.
Unsoundness ✔️Ans - When the argument is invalid or the premises are
false.
How is truth connected to propositions? ✔️Ans - The relationship that holds
between a proposition and its corresponding fact. If a proposition is true, then
the conclusion is true, but if it's false then it's false.
, valid argument form ✔️Ans - an argument form in which every substitution
instance is a valid (true) argument
invalid argument form ✔️Ans - an argument form that has some invalid
(false) substitution instances
Differentiate between truth, strength, and cogency. ✔️Ans - - A strong
argument can have a false conclusion even if it starts with true premises
(strong arguments only make the conclusion probable, not certain).
- cogent argument must have true premises. Cogency is strength plus true
premises.
Cogency: In a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.
All True Premises + Strong Inductive Support = Cogency Argument
Strength of an Argument ✔️Ans - In the inductive argument, true premises
make the conclusion probably true. (but not necessarily a guarantee, but the
premises are supportive)
Cogency ✔️Ans - In a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.
Fallacy ✔️Ans - a type of bad argument.
Formal Fallacy ✔️Ans - a logical error that occurs in the form or structure of
an argument; it is restricted to deductive arguments
informal fallacy ✔️Ans - a mistake in reasoning that occurs in ordinary
language and is different from an error in the form or structure of arguments
The Fallacy Fallacy ✔️Ans - You presumed that because a claim has been
poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.
the fallacy fallacy example ✔️Ans - Recognizing that Amanda had committed
a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said
it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double
cheeseburgers every day.
types of informal fallacies ✔️Ans - - Ad Hominem
- Appeal to Ignorance
- Begging the Question
