Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Questions Complete Marking Scheme

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Questions Complete Marking Scheme Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER- what the drug does to the body - ANSWERPD & PK - ANSWER- Relationship between dose & effect can be due toRelationship between dose & effect can be due to: Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER- what the body does to the drug ADME (Components of PK) - ANSWER- Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination Absorption - PK - ANSWER- Movement of substance from site of administration, across body membranes, to circulation distrubution - ANSWER- Transport of drugs throughout the body into the interstitial and intracellular fluids Metabolism - ANSWER- Chemically converting a drug to a form that is readily removed by the body Elimination/Excretion - ANSWER- Metabolite removed from body Absorption: PK DDIs - ANSWER- Change in pH; Adsorption; Change in GI motility Distribution- PK DDIs - ANSWER- Change in albumin concentration; protein binding interactions Metabolism- PK DDIs - ANSWER- CYP450 Elimination- DDIs - ANSWER- Change in renal excretion Bioavailability - ANSWER- A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). Factors that influence bioavailability: - ANSWER- - first pass metabolism - solubility of drug - chemical instability - drug formulation First Pass Effect - ANSWER- a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown Bioequivalence drugs: - ANSWER- Share similar rate and extent of absorption Therapeutic Equivalence - ANSWER- Similar drugs in efficacy and safety active transport - ANSWER- Movement of chemical against a concentration or electrochemical gradient; Requires ENERGY from the cell passive diffusion - ANSWER- movement of chemical from area of high concentration to low concentration (HIGH TO LOW); Occurs passively- cell allows it to just happen Endocytosis - ANSWER- Engulfment of drug molecule by cell membrane and transport into the cell; Transports large molecules Factors of drug absorption - ANSWER- - molecular weight & size - dose - route of admin - digestive motility