Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Chamberlain Exam Questions And Answers!!

Nocicpetive Pain - Answer One's perception of pain. Gate-control theory: Spinal gateway in dorsal horn that controls pain. Book: Pain transmission is the conduction of pain impulses along the Aδ and C fibers (primary order neurons) into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Figure 14-1). Here they form synapses with excitatory or inhibitory interneurons (second order neurons) in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn. What is pain tolerance influenced by? - Answer Perceptual dominance, gender, culture, depression (mental wellness) and genetics. Book: They can be influenced by genetics, gender, cultural perceptions, expectations, role socialization, physical and mental health, and age What do you assess first with a cervical spinal fracture/spinal cord injury? - Answer Assess breathing first. It could affect the brain stem/hypothalamus. Book: What is the difference between a stroke and a TIA? - Answer TIA comes first, before a stroke. TIA's are often called mini-strokes. Strokes are more permanent. Book: Ischemic stroke occurs when there is obstruction to arterial blood flow to the brain from thrombus formation, an embolus, or hypoperfusion related to decreased blood volume or heart failure. The inadequate blood supply results in ischemia (inadequate cellular oxygen) and can progress to infarction (death of tissue). Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are episodes of neurologic dysfunction lasting no more than 1 hour and resulting from focal cerebral ischemia. The clinical manifestations of a TIA may include weakness, numbness, sudden confusion, loss of balance, or a sudden severe headache. The use of brain imagingmodalities often reveals a brain infarction. About 3% to 17% of individuals experiencing a TIA will have a stroke within 90 days. Levels of altered consciousness. - Answer Confusion- disoriented. Obtundation- Altered level of consciousness. will wake when name is called. Stupor- Deep sleep, need to shake to get to wake up. Coma- unresponsive but breathing. Book: Confusion: Loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly; impaired judgment and decision making Obtundation- Mild to moderate reduction in arousal (awakeness) with limited response to environment; falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely; answers questions with minimal response Stupor- Condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from which person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous and repeated stimulation; response is often withdrawal or grabbing at stimulus Coma- Associated with nonpurposeful movement only on stimulation Autonomic dysreflexia - Answer Sudden high blood pressure after spinal cord injury, could have problems with continence. Restriction causes hypertension and they get blurred vision from head pressure. Book: Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) is a syndrome of sudden, massive reflex sympathetic discharge associated with spinal cord injury at level T6 or above where descending inhibition is blocked (Figure 16-7). It may occur after spinal shock resolves and be a recurrent complication. Characteristics include paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mm Hg, systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30 to 40 beats/min)