PRAXIS 5002 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023

Role of Phonological Awareness in Literacy Development Ability to recognize that words are made up of a variety of sound units. Ball = b / aw / l. Nursery rhymes, jingles, oral language and sound patterns help with foundation of learning these skills. Phonemes The smallest unit of sound in speech. When they are put together they make a word. There are 44 of these in the English language. f, ff, ph = F Onset The start of each syllable. The initial phonological unit of a word. /c/ in cat. Rime The ending string of letters in a word. Blending Combining sounds. Segmenting Separating sounds. The role of Phonics in literacy development. Promotes understanding of alphabetic principles and the relationship between phonemes and graphemes. A letter-sound relationship. Graphemes A letter or letters that represent one phoneme. It's the smallest meaningful unit in a writing system. Affix An attachment to a base or root word. Prefix Word or letters placed at the beginning of a root or base word to create a new word or alter the meaning of the root. Suffix A morpheme added to the end of a root or base word to form a new word or alter the meaning of the root. Stages of Language Acquisition Young children need to hear how language is separated into different parts. They must learn to recognize rhyme, match words by sound, and begin to understand syllables. Letter knowledge - giving sounds for an individual letter and writing letters in response to their individual sounds. Logographic foundation - reading familiar and common words (sight words). Alphabetic foundation - reading aloud and having the student write the letter spoken based upon the sound spoken. WIDA Taxonomy The English language development standards. Level 1 - entering. Level 2 - Emerging. Level 3 - Developing. Level 4 - Expanding. Level 5 - Bridging. Open Syllable Nothing comes after the vowel. "he" Closed Syllable Vowel is followed by a consonant. "The vowel is closed in". Examples: cap, sit, men. Structural element: Rhymes of Poetry Rhyme - a scheme of how words are organized into patterns. "aa bb cc". Internal Rhyme - the rhyming of words within the line. "ab ab ab". End rhyme - the rhyming of words at the end of a line. "aaba bbcb ccdc" Rate Speed of reading. Prosody Reading with expression and emotion. Structural Element: Meter in Poetry The rhythm of the poem; the accented and unaccented syllables. Structural Element: Alliteration A repetition of the beginning consonant sound. "The green grass grows" Structural Element: Onomatopoeia When a word sound relates to its meaning. "Buzz, hiss, woof". Quantitative evaluation/measure of text complexity Readability measures and other scores of text complexity. Qualitative evaluation/measure of text complexity Levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands Reader and task Reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task variables (such as purpose and the complexity generated by the task assigned and the questions posed) Idiom When words are used in a special way that is different than their literal meaning. Hyperbole is an exaggeration or overstatement that may or may not be realistic and is not meant to be taken literally. Stages of the Process of Writing 1.) Prewriting (thesis/brainstorming). 2.) Brainstorm for ideas. 3.) Outline 4.)Writing the Essay 5.) Revise. Stages of Writing Development 1.) picture/drawing. 2.) scribbling- random collection of marks. 3.) Random letters 4.) Inventive Spelling - beginning letter sounds. 5.) Phonetic - beginning and end sounds 6.) Transitional - begin to write words the way they sound. 7. ) Conventional writing - spell and punctuate correctly. write long words the way they sound/phonetically. Stages of Spelling Development Precommunicative = scribbles. symbols are used to represent the alphabet. letter-sound does not correspond. Semiphonic =when letter sound correspondence begins to arise; single letters are used to represent words or sounds. Phonetic = when every sound heard is represented by a letter or group of letters. Vowels appear in this stage. Transitional = all letters are present, but may not be in the correct order. Steps in the Research Process Find topic Research Determine which information is relevant Outline Draft Syntactic looking at the order and structure of words the reader can determine the meaning based upon the part of speech. Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences Semantic the study of the meaning of words. Helps with fluency, comprehension, and language acquisition. Phonological Awareness Understanding that words in a text are segmented into syllables. Emergent Literacy Refers to the language development that occurs before a child can read or write words. These skills are developed from birth and include listening speaking memory recognizing pattern and rhyme print awareness critical thinking and the development of fine motor skills. Inflection doesn't change the meaning of the word. Derivational Suffix changes the meaning of a word at the end of the word. Exposition the introduction of a story in which the reader is introduced to the setting, the tone, that characters, and initial understanding of a story. Rising Action the series of events that builds up from the conflict ending with a climax. Falling Action the series of events that occur after the climax which wrap up the story.