Marine Bio CH. 1, 5, & 6 Quiz 100% Pass

Marine Bio CH. 1, 5, & 6 Quiz 100% Pass What is marine biology? The study of organisms that live in the sea. Marine bio facts not a separate science an applied field of biology and incorporates others: geology, chemistry Marine biologists study organisms that inhabit the sea (living things) Oceanographers study physical aspects (tides, currents) Why study marine bio? since life is believed to have risen in the sea, studying MB could provide a clue about links to our evolution many products come from the ocean organisms produce oxygen oceans help regulate and compensate the climate Reef tenureship pt.1 pt. 1 permission to fish in a certain area had to be obtained from the owner fishers learned if they over fished, it would take long before the fish population would recover fish provided most of the protein for an islanders' diet, so it was up to the him/her to protect their resources. (overfishing) Reef tenureship pt. 2 pt. 2 chamorro society might have been stratified into 3 classes, matua, atchaot and manachang. upper, middle and lower top two= ocean lower=restricted to rivers much exploration stopped in the dark ages Charles Darwin explored south america and the galapagos islands theory of atoll formation natural selection edward forbes zonation:presence of organisms in a particular range/zone challenger expedition led by charles thompson that took 3.5 years 1st major exploration devoted to studying marine organisms important tools of trade remote sensing scuba research vessels underwater research stations inductive reasoning proceeds on the basis of evidence or specific observations bottom up deductive reasoning starts with a statement that is general and uses logic to test a specific statement or situation and arrive at a conclusion. top down features of experiments strong inference control variables independent variables response or dependent variable types of experiments laboratory field natural advantages and disadvantages of the experiments laboratory: able to control most extraneous variables typically short term sacrifices biological realism field: longer than labs more environmental variability controls are possible more biological realism natural: involves observations and data recording lacks controls less powerful than lab/field can provide important natural history info. What is a theory? a hypothesis that is constantly repeated over time by many people and has not been disproven. endosymbiont theory process that ancestors of plant and animal cells were invaded by, or incorporated, bacterial cells that became part of the cell machinery. 3 domains archaea eukarya bacteria organisms in the domains bacteria and archaea are called prokaryotes prokaryotes characteristics unicellular/comprised of one cell DNA=not enclosed in a membrane..lack a nucleus DNA=circular or looped lack organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) Archaea morphologically similar to members of domain bacteria however, genetic evidence indicates that they are relatively unique and may be more closely related to eukaryotes photosynthesis reaction carbon dioxide gas + water + solar energy -> sugars + oxygen nitrogen fixation nitrogen gas is converted into a form such as ammonia or urea so that it can be absorbed by other organisms. cyanobacteria are included in the Domain Bacteria characterstics of domain bacteria domain archaea resemble bacteria in appearance cell walls have no peptidoglycan some are extremophiles (found in extreme environments) may hold the key to the origin of life and the common ancestor domain eukarya nuclear membrane or envelope which encloses their DNA. includes unicellular and multicellular organisms diatoms walls made of silica (glass) photosynthetic (primary producers) produce most of the oxygen in the the oceans can reproduce either asexually by division or sexually plant like dinoflagellates cell wall is made of cellulose like plants have 2 flagella can either be solitary or symbiotic with corals, anemones, giant clams can be primary producers some bioluminescent and produce light reproduce mostly by division both plant and animal like two types: naked and armored foraminifera "star sand" test or skeleton made of calcium carbonate and are therefore a major sink for carbon dioxide gas radiolarians test made of silica have pseudopodia ciliates have cilia for moving and feeding new discovery in guam of a ciliate green algae phylum chlorophyta red algae phylum rhodophyta brown algae phylum heterokontophyta thallus refers to the complete structure of alga holdfast the attachment structure (like roots) stipe similar to the stem in real plants blades resembles the leaves of true plants, but lack veins pneumatocysts gas-filled bladders that maintain the buoyancy of the thallus in the water fragmentation broken pieces of seaweed can grow into new individuals green algae or phylum chlorophyta halimeda or caulerpa red algae or phylum rhodopyta coralline algae are heavily calcified and an important component in building reefs. brown algae or phylum heterokontophyta sargassum, padina or kelp mitosis equational division/splitting but retain the same amount of chromosomal material meiosis reductional division where the # of chromosomes are reduced by 1/2 diploid possessing chromosomes from 2 parents haploid possessing chromosomes 1 parents spore vegetative propagule sporophyte a diploid vegetative thallus which produce haploid spores via meiosis gamete male = sperm female = egg gametophyte haploid growth form which produces haploid gametes unlike algae, marine plants have seeds, roots, stems, leaves and flowers, just like land plants true