D265- CRITICAL THINKING REASON AND EVIDENCE|32 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Confirmation bias Tendency to look for evidence that supports personal believes, and to ignore evidence that gets in the way of that belief Hueristics Rule of thumb (cognitive bias) Cognitive Bias Systemic way for categorization to make sense of the world (heuristics is one of them) Representative bias categorize new situations based on the nearest experience (cognitive bias) Availability bias Cognitive bias: takes available information, jumping to conclusions Selection bias Unfair sample is selected to skew results of conculsion Generalization sample size is usually insufficiently large Ad Hominem Attack the person making an argument Genetic Fallacy Argues the origin of an idea is the reason for rejecting Straw Figure Misrepresent the argument, and attacks the weaker one that was created Red herring COMPLETELY UNRELATED (like changing the subject) Appeal to Authority Appeal to unqualified personnel Appeal to force Do it or else Appeal to popularity Bandwagon, everyone beleies it so it has to be true Appeal to consequences bad or good things happen Equivocation Using the same word in two different senses Appeal to ignorance reasons from our lack of knowledge that it's true or false (you're an idiot) Slippery slope Catastrophizing Texas sharp shooter cherry-picks the evidence supporting conclusion post hoc one event causes the other Hasty generalization generalization about the group of people things or events. False dilemma One presumes there are few options Begging the question Premise assumes the truth of the conclusion A dog is a dog because it's a dog Burden of proof shifting claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise. Deductive argument Guaranteed conclusion is true based on argument premise Inductive argument it may or may not be true (probable) Valid if the premise is true, the conclusion is true sound argument valid argument, with true premises strong if an inductive argument has true premises, it's conclusion is probably true cogent the argument is strong and has true premises. Formal fallacy Structure is bad Informal fallacy CONTENT is bad, like all the fallacies of reasoning/cognition.