MUTATION BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Mutation a change in the genetic material of a cell; cause by a mistake during DNA replication. Gene Mutations changes to a single gene. Point Mutations - involve changes in one or a few nucleotides/bases. involve changes in one or a few nucleotides/bases. Substitutions one base is changed to a different base (May or may not affect the amino acid). Insertions adds a new base to the DNA sequence Deletions removes a base from the DNA sequence Frameshift Mutation caused by insertions and deletions that changes the reading sequence. Usually causes a change in the amino acid sequence. Missense point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. ex: Sickle Cell Anemia and ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) Nonsense codon which codes for a premature stop codon. ex: Muscular Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis Chromosomal mutation change in the number or structure of a chromosome. Change the location of genes on a chromosome Change the number of copies of genes. Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation What are the four chromosomal mutations? Deletion all or part of a chromosome is lost. Duplication extra copy of all or part of a chromosome Inversion part of a chromosome switches direction. Translocation part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Mutagens chemical or physical agents in the environment that can cause mutations. Many mutation have little to no effect on genes. Others have harmful effects some beneficial. Harmful Effects of Mutations decreases an organism's chance of survival. Changes in the DNA (mutation) can change shapes or gene activity which can change phenotypes. Can interfere with biological activity. Sickle-Cell Disease affects red blood cells specifically hemoglobin, protein that binds to oxygen. Frameshift Mutations on chromosome 11 Huntington's Disease brain disorder that affects the ability to think, talk, and move. Insertion Mutation of chromosome 4; affect protein in the brain Cystic Fibrosis causes severe damage to lungs and digestive system. Frameshift Mutation (deletion) on chromosome 7 Crohn's Disease inflammation to the lining of digestive system. Frameshift Mutations (insertion) leading to premature stop Tay-Sachs Disease fatal disease affecting the central nervo