Summary Changing the Patient's Position - Positive Transformation: How changing the patient's position can help achieve control
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Course
Nursing
Institution
Nursing
Patient repositioning is the process of changing the patient's body position from one position to another, and is done by health care workers, such as doctors and nurses, with the aim of improving the patient's condition and reducing pressure on the body. The process of changing the patient's posit...
10/26/23, 4:50 PM Changing the Position of the Patient
• NOTES
• EXAM
Blood transfusion therapy involves transfusing whole blood or blood components
(specific portion or fraction of blood lacking in patient). One unit of whole blood
consists of 450 mL of blood collected into 60 to 70 mL of preservative or anticoagulant.
Whole blood stored for more than 6 hours does not provide therapeutic platelet
transfusion, nor does it contain therapeutic amounts of labile coagulation factors
(factors V and VIII).
Blood Transfusion Therapy
Blood components include:
1. Packed RBCs (100% of erythrocyte, 100% of leukocytes, and 20% of
plasma originally present in one unit of whole blood), indicated to
increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood with minimal expansion
of blood.
2. Leukocyte-poor packed RBCs, indicated for patients who have
experience previous febrile no hemolytic reactions.
3. Platelets, either HLA (human leukocyte antigen) matched or unmatched.
4. Granulocytes ( basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils )
5. Fresh frozen plasma, containing all coagulation factors, including
factors V and VIII (the labile factors).
6. Single donor plasma, containing all stable coagulation factors but
reduced levels of factors V and VIII; the preferred product for reversal of
Coumadin-induced anticoagulation.
7. Albumin, a plasma protein.
8. Cryoprecipitate, a plasma derivative rich in factor VIII, fibrinogen, factor
XIII, and fibronectin.
9. Factor IX concentrate, a concentrated form of factor IX prepared by
pooling, fractionating, and freeze-drying large volumes of plasma.
10. Factor VIII concentrate, a concentrated form of factor IX prepared
by pooling, fractionating, and freeze-drying large volumes of plasma.
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, 10/26/23, 4:50 PM Changing the Position of the Patient
11. Prothrombin complex, containing prothrombin and factors VII, IX,
X, and some factor XI.
Advantages of blood component therapy
12. Avoids the risk of sensitizing the patients to other blood
components.
13. Provides optimal therapeutic benefit while reducing risk of volume
overload.
14. Increases availability of needed blood products to larger
population.
Principles of blood transfusion therapy
15. Whole blood transfusion
o Generally indicated only for patients who need both increased
oxygen-carrying capacity and restoration of blood volume when
there is no time to prepare or obtain the specific blood
components needed.
16. Packed RBCs
o Should be transfused over 2 to 3 hours; if patient cannot tolerate
volume over a maximum of 4 hours, it may be necessary for the
blood bank to divide a unit into smaller volumes, providing proper
refrigeration of remaining blood until needed. One unit of packed
red cells should raise hemoglobin approximately 1%, hemactocrit
3%.
17. Platelets
o Administer as rapidly as tolerated (usually 4 units every 30 to 60
minutes). Each unit of platelets should raise the recipient’s
platelet count by 6000 to 10,000/mm3: however, poor incremental
increases occur with alloimmunization from previous
transfusions, bleeding, fever, infection, autoimmune destruction,
and hypertension.
18. Granulocytes
o May be beneficial in selected population of infected, severely
granulocytopenic patients (less than 500/mm3) not responding to
antibiotic therapy and who are expected to experienced prolonged
suppressed granulocyte production.
19. Plasma
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