1
CHAPTER 1 .
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLS
1.1.a Compare, with examples, some ways in which cells may vary in appearance and
function.
1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a basic fundamental chemistry.
1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein—as laid out in the
central dogma— makes the self-
replication of living cells pos si ble.
1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se lection promote the gradual
evolution of individuals best suited for
survival in a wide range of habitats.
1.1.e Explain how differentiated cell types can vary widely in form and function despite
having the same genome sequence.
CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
1.2.a List the three tenets of cell theory and explain their ramifications for the study of cell
biology.
1.2.b Contrast light microscopy, super- resolution fluorescence light microscopy, and
electron microscopy in terms of the
cell components that can generally be distinguished using each.
1.2.c Compare how samples are prepared for light versus electron microscopy and explain
how these preparations affect
whether the technique can be used for viewing living cells or tissues.
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
1.3.a Describe the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
1.3.b Analyze how eukaryotic cells and organisms rely on the function of prokaryotic cells
and their descendants.
1.3.c Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of their relative preponderance on
Earth, their range of habitat, and
their tendency toward multicellularity.
1.3.d Justify the division of prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea.
THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
1.4.a State the function of the nucleus and describe its structural features.
1.4.b Explain how the structure of the mitochondrion supports its function.
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2 | Chapter 1
1.4.c Outline the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts and cite the evidence for these
origins.
1.4.d Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria cooperate as plant cells convert light
energy into chemical energy.
1.4.e Compare the function of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
, 1.4.f Compare the structure, location, and function of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus.
1.4.g Outline the role that transport vesicles play in endocytosis, exocytosis, and the
movement of materials between one
membrane- enclosed organelle and another.
1.4.h Relate the location of the cytosol with re spect to the cell’s membrane- enclosed
organelles.
1.4.i List the three major filaments of the cytoskeleton and contrast the roles they have in
animal cells.
1.4.j Outline the role the cytoskeleton has in plant cells.
1.4.k Describe the ancestral cell that likely engulfed the aerobic bacteria that gave rise to
mitochondria and explain why
this event is thought to have preceded the acquisition of chloroplasts.
MODEL ORGANISMS
1.5.a Review why scientists study model organisms.
1.5.b Compare E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and A. thaliana and list the types of discoveries made by
studying each.
1.5.c Compare flies, worms, fish, and mice as model organisms and name a benefit of
studying each.
1.5.d Review the benefits of studying cultured human cells.
1.5.e Assess the relationship between genome size and gene number.
1.5.f Explain the significance of homologous genes and proteins.
1.5.g Summarize the roles played by the nucleotide sequences contained in an organism’s
genome.
1.5.h Outline an experiment that would allow investigators to determine whether proteins
from dif fer ent eukaryotes are
functionally interchangeable.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and be hav ior. It is
estimated that there are between
10 million and 100 million dif fer ent species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it
remains difficult to define what
it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest
living unit?
a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. protein
ANS: b DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a
,basic fundamental
chemistry. MSC: Understanding
2. The central dogma provides a framework for thinking about how ge ne tic information is
copied and used to produce
structural and catalytic components of the cell. From the choices below, select the order of
biochemical pro cesses that
best correlates with the tenets of the central dogma.
a. replication, transcription, translation
b. replication, translation, transcription
c. translation, transcription, replication
d. translation, replication, transcription
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and
protein—as laid
out in the central dogma— makes the self- replication of living cells pos si ble. MSC:
Understanding
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Essential Cell Biology 5th Edition Alberts
nursytestbank.store
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life | 3
3. Proteins are impor tant architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to
determine its chemistry, its
shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the dif fer
ent proteins in a cell are
made from the same 20 __________. By linking them in dif fer ent sequences, the cell can make
protein molecules with
dif fer ent conformations and surface chemistries, and therefore dif fer ent functions.
a. nucleotides
b. sugars
c. amino acids
d. fatty acids
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a
basic fundamental
chemistry. MSC: Remembering
4. Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
a. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than
, their parents.
b. A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
d. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fit for survival as
their parents are.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Analyzing
5. Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that
are altered in fitness
compared with their parents. The pro cess of change and se lection over the course of many
generations is the
basis of
a. mutation.
b. evolution.
c. heredity.
d. reproduction.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Understanding
6. Select the option that BEST finishes the following statement: Evolution is a pro cess
a. that can be understood based on the princi ples of mutation and se lection.
b. that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
c. by which all present- day cells arose from 4–5 dif fer ent ancestral cells.
d. that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Analyzing
7. Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: A cell’s genome
CHAPTER 1 .
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLS
1.1.a Compare, with examples, some ways in which cells may vary in appearance and
function.
1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a basic fundamental chemistry.
1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein—as laid out in the
central dogma— makes the self-
replication of living cells pos si ble.
1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se lection promote the gradual
evolution of individuals best suited for
survival in a wide range of habitats.
1.1.e Explain how differentiated cell types can vary widely in form and function despite
having the same genome sequence.
CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
1.2.a List the three tenets of cell theory and explain their ramifications for the study of cell
biology.
1.2.b Contrast light microscopy, super- resolution fluorescence light microscopy, and
electron microscopy in terms of the
cell components that can generally be distinguished using each.
1.2.c Compare how samples are prepared for light versus electron microscopy and explain
how these preparations affect
whether the technique can be used for viewing living cells or tissues.
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
1.3.a Describe the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
1.3.b Analyze how eukaryotic cells and organisms rely on the function of prokaryotic cells
and their descendants.
1.3.c Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of their relative preponderance on
Earth, their range of habitat, and
their tendency toward multicellularity.
1.3.d Justify the division of prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea.
THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
1.4.a State the function of the nucleus and describe its structural features.
1.4.b Explain how the structure of the mitochondrion supports its function.
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Essential Cell Biology 5th Edition Alberts
nursytestbank.store
2 | Chapter 1
1.4.c Outline the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts and cite the evidence for these
origins.
1.4.d Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria cooperate as plant cells convert light
energy into chemical energy.
1.4.e Compare the function of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
, 1.4.f Compare the structure, location, and function of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus.
1.4.g Outline the role that transport vesicles play in endocytosis, exocytosis, and the
movement of materials between one
membrane- enclosed organelle and another.
1.4.h Relate the location of the cytosol with re spect to the cell’s membrane- enclosed
organelles.
1.4.i List the three major filaments of the cytoskeleton and contrast the roles they have in
animal cells.
1.4.j Outline the role the cytoskeleton has in plant cells.
1.4.k Describe the ancestral cell that likely engulfed the aerobic bacteria that gave rise to
mitochondria and explain why
this event is thought to have preceded the acquisition of chloroplasts.
MODEL ORGANISMS
1.5.a Review why scientists study model organisms.
1.5.b Compare E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and A. thaliana and list the types of discoveries made by
studying each.
1.5.c Compare flies, worms, fish, and mice as model organisms and name a benefit of
studying each.
1.5.d Review the benefits of studying cultured human cells.
1.5.e Assess the relationship between genome size and gene number.
1.5.f Explain the significance of homologous genes and proteins.
1.5.g Summarize the roles played by the nucleotide sequences contained in an organism’s
genome.
1.5.h Outline an experiment that would allow investigators to determine whether proteins
from dif fer ent eukaryotes are
functionally interchangeable.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and be hav ior. It is
estimated that there are between
10 million and 100 million dif fer ent species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it
remains difficult to define what
it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest
living unit?
a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. protein
ANS: b DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a
,basic fundamental
chemistry. MSC: Understanding
2. The central dogma provides a framework for thinking about how ge ne tic information is
copied and used to produce
structural and catalytic components of the cell. From the choices below, select the order of
biochemical pro cesses that
best correlates with the tenets of the central dogma.
a. replication, transcription, translation
b. replication, translation, transcription
c. translation, transcription, replication
d. translation, replication, transcription
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and
protein—as laid
out in the central dogma— makes the self- replication of living cells pos si ble. MSC:
Understanding
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Essential Cell Biology 5th Edition Alberts
nursytestbank.store
Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life | 3
3. Proteins are impor tant architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to
determine its chemistry, its
shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the dif fer
ent proteins in a cell are
made from the same 20 __________. By linking them in dif fer ent sequences, the cell can make
protein molecules with
dif fer ent conformations and surface chemistries, and therefore dif fer ent functions.
a. nucleotides
b. sugars
c. amino acids
d. fatty acids
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a
basic fundamental
chemistry. MSC: Remembering
4. Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
a. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than
, their parents.
b. A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
d. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fit for survival as
their parents are.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Analyzing
5. Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that
are altered in fitness
compared with their parents. The pro cess of change and se lection over the course of many
generations is the
basis of
a. mutation.
b. evolution.
c. heredity.
d. reproduction.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Understanding
6. Select the option that BEST finishes the following statement: Evolution is a pro cess
a. that can be understood based on the princi ples of mutation and se lection.
b. that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
c. by which all present- day cells arose from 4–5 dif fer ent ancestral cells.
d. that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 OBJ: 1.1.d Summarize how the pro cesses of mutation and se
lection promote the
gradual evolution of individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats. MSC:
Analyzing
7. Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: A cell’s genome
