Bio 182 ASU Bang tests 2-4 questions with complete solutions

intraspecific competition correct answer: competition among individuals of the same species EX: hummingbird feeder interspecific competition correct answer: competition between different species community correct answer: assemblage of species in the same place at the same time competition correct answer: - and - types: interference, exploitation, apparent consumer- resource correct answer: + and - when one species is another's resource plant-herbivore host-parasite predator-prey mutualism correct answer: + and + species exchange resources or services EX: resource-resource, resource-service, and service-service (very rare) commensalism correct answer: + and none 0 when one species benefits and the other is unaffected EX: barnacles that attach to whales EX: sea gulls benefit from eating salmon that bears leave behind amensalism correct answer: - and none 0 one species is harmed while the other is unaffected EX: grass gets tramped by cows interference competition correct answer: - direct competition between species - interferes with another's ability to aquire nutrients - physically prevents establishment - negative b/c requires a lot of energy and risks injury exploitation competition correct answer: - indirect competition between species - competition for a common, limiting resource apparent competition correct answer: - indirect competition between species - occurs between 2 species (A and B) that are both resources for another species (C) - an increase in species A would lead to an increase in species C, which would negatively affect species B cattle egret (bird) eating insects disturbed by the buffalo correct answer: commensalism b/c the bird benefits and the buffalo is unaffected gecko eats/pollinates flower, while ants invade plant and prevent prevent geckos correct answer: interference competition - ants are directly "attacking" gecko competitive exclusion correct answer: - two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist under constant ecological conditions - one species will always outcompete the other eventually EX: 2 paramecium species, flasks w/ constant food supply, one species won Niche differentiation correct answer: - competition drives species to evolve different patterns of resource use or different niches - many species share common resources, but niche differentiation is a way for species using the same resources to coexist - EX: MacArthur's 5 warblers: occupy different areas of trees, eat different insects - EX: bees w/ different length of proboscis' fundamental niche correct answer: - a species niche as defined by its physiological capabilities (may overlap) realized niche correct answer: - a species niche as defined by its interactions with other species (one species will overtake the overlapping part) local extinction correct answer: - parasitic wasps introduced - certain insects became locally extinct in places - affects the distribution of species graph # of predators vs. Prey correct answer: - always more prey than predators - prey peaks before predators - if prey goes extinct, predator goes to 0 heterogeneity correct answer: - predators quickly cause extinction unless heterogeneity is added to system 1. immigration/emigration 2. prey refuge (in space or time) 3. variation in prey defenses 4. more species or predator or prey what causes cycles between snowshoe hare and lynx graph? correct answer: - food supply (amount) fluctuates - quality of food changes - disease increases with density - stress disorder caused by crowding (lemmings) -genotypic changes - dispersal keystone predators correct answer: - especially strong predators increase species diversity by reducing the abundance of superior competitors - EX: predation by Pisaster sea star prevents mussels from taking over and allows for a larger species diversity - without pilaster, mussels dominate and reduce species diversity from 15 to 8 native grassland plant species evolve roots to access different areas of resources in ground. what is this an