Bio 182 Exam 2 ASU Questions With Complete Solutions

Know the key characteristics of the Domain Eukaryota correct answer: -Have cells that are larger than bacteria and archaea -Have a nucleus -Have organelles -Asexual and sexual production Be familiar with the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory and the origin of mitochondria correct answer: Origin of mitochondria: bacteria (that ended up turning into mitochondria) took up residence inside an archaea cell Evidence: Size & structure of bacteria resembles mitochondria, mitochondria have double membranes, and they have their own DNA Be aware of ideas of how the nuclear envelope and chloroplasts originated in eukaryotic cells correct answer: Nuclear Envelope: Developed from infoldings of the plasma membrane Chloroplast: Developed from a protist engulfing photosynthetic bacteria Be familiar with the theory of secondary endosymbiosis and how this theory explains the origin of chloroplasts in some photosynthetic protists that are not in the Plant lineage correct answer: Ancestor of major protist lineages acquired their chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis Know the general characteristics of protists and algae and that both are paraphyletic groups correct answer: Protists = diverse group of organisms that include all eukaryotes except land plants, fungi, and animals Algae = all photosynthetic protists and non-land plants Be able to recognize the human diseases/problems that are caused by protists including malaria, giardia, and toxin producing dinoflagellates correct answer: Protists can cause many diseases including malaria, giardia, etc. Dinoflagellates cause agal blooms, which causes harmful toxins to build up in shellfish Know how algae are used as food and the potential to use algae to produce biofuels correct answer: Algae = seaweed Diatoms can be used to produce biofuels Know what the term plankton means. Be aware of the ecological importance of protists and algae especially in aquatic environments correct answer: Plankton are small protists that drift in open water Protists and algae predominate organisms in aquatic environments Know the difference between microalgae and macroalgae. Be able to recognize if the following algae are microalgae or macroalgae: dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenoids, and kelp correct answer: Microalgae: Dinoflagellates, euglenoids, diatoms, and green algae Macroalgae: Red algae, and kelp Be aware of the different type of movement in protists including amoeboid movement and the use of flagella and cilia. Know the difference between Unikonts and Bikonts correct answer: Many protists move to find food and light Amoeboid movement: Sliding motion accomplished by streaming pseudopodia Flagella and Cilia are both used for swimming, but cilia are short and numerous Unikonta = Swimming with one flagella Bikonta = Swimming with two flagella Know that protists vary widely on how they obtain food and be able to recognize examples of protists that are parasites, predatory, and photosynthetic protist correct answer: Ingesting food, absorbing organic molecules from the environment, and performing photosynthesis Many absorptive feeders are parasites Know the difference between ingestive and absorptive feeding. Know what the term phagocytosis means correct answer: Ingestion: Eat live or dead organisms, eat bacteria, archaea, or other protists whole (This is called phagocytosis) Absorption: Nutrients taken from environment and moved across the plasma membrane Be aware of the different types of reproduction in protists including the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction correct answer: Asexual reproduction: Based on mitosis and cell division Sexual reproduction: Based on meiosis and fusion of gametes Know the key characteristics of fungi that distinguish them from other eukaryotes correct answer: Have a cell wall, absorptive nutrition, have filamentous body or are single celled Understand the meaning of these terms with regard to the fungal vegetative body: mycelium, hyphae, yeast, and septate correct answer: Mycelium: Filamentous body Individual hyphae grow from their tips Yeast are a single celled fungi Know what absorptive nutrition is. Know the difference between decomposers, parasites, and mutualists correct answer: Decomposers: Absorb nutrients from dead organisms Parasites: Absorb nutrients from their host Mutualists: Live in association with other organisms that benefit their symbiotic partner Be able to recognize examples of human and plant diseases cause by fungi correct answer: Human: Diseases of skin, hair, and nails. Yeast infection, and valley fever Plants: 50% of plant diseases are caused by fungi, fruit and vegetable spoilage Be familiar with what food products and medicines are produced by yeasts and other fungi correct answer: Used for antibiotics Fermentation is used in food processing Yeast is used for bread and alcohol Know the importance of fungi in the Carbon Cycle especially in the decomposition of plant materials including cellulose and lignin. correct answer: The release of CO2 from plants, animals, and fungi are a result of cellular respiration Fungi can digest lignin and cellulose, which allows atoms to be quickly recycled into glucose and CO2 Be aware of the types of habitats where Chytrids live and their involvement as pathogens and symbionts correct answer: They live in freshwater and moist soils Chytrid diseases have lead to extinction Mutualism can occur because they secrete enzymes that break down cellulose Know the characteristics of Zygomycetes and their role as decomposers correct answer: Their hyphae can break down dead plant material and cellulose Know what the term plasmogamy, karyohamy, and dikaryon mean and how these terms are related to life cycles of Basidiomycetes correct answer: Plasmogamy: Occurs when the cytoplasm of 2 different individuals of different mating types fuse Karyogamy: Occurs when nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote Dikaryon: Vegetative body