Pathophysiology Chapter 17 Left and Right Heart Failure VERIFIED SOLUTION AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Pathophysiology Chapter 17 Left and Right Heart Failure VERIFIED SOLUTION AND CORRECT ANSWERS When left ventricular failure occurs, which of the following signs and symptoms relate to the backward effects of heart failure? Select all that apply. Hypertension Jugular vein distension Pulmonary edema Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Peripheral edema - ANSWER Pulmonary edema Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea What are the causes of left ventricular failure? Select all that apply. Increased pressure within the venous system Decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle - ANSWER Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle A patient presents with peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and jugular vein distention. What do these signs and symptoms represent? Select all that apply. Forward effects of right ventricular failure Forward effects of left ventricular failure Backward effects of right ventricular failure Backward effects of left ventricular failure Total heart failure - ANSWER Backward effects of right ventricular failure Total heart failure Where would fluid accumulate in a patient due to the increased level of hydrostatic pressure caused by left ventricular failure? Alveoli Perihilar region Pleural cavity Pulmonary interstitial spaces Hepatic portal veins - ANSWER Pulmonary interstitial spaces Which of the following are expected in response to left ventricular failure? Select all that apply. Decreased heart rate Increased anti-diuretic hormone Increased angiotensin II Increased urine output Decreased sodium and water reabsorption - ANSWER Increased anti-diuretic hormone Increased angiotensin II Howard, age 58, presents to the emergency department with a variety of signs and symptoms. Howard has a history of cardiac difficulties, including a myocardial infarction 5 years ago. Since that time, Howard has continued to struggle with lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, to reduce his risk of future cardiac events. As the first clinician to see Howard, you record the following signs and symptoms: headache and memory loss; cyanosis; heart rate of 100 bpm; BP of 100/70 mm Hg; ascites; orthopnea; paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; pulmonary crackles and edema; peripheral pitting edema; and cool, pale extremities. Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with right-side heart failure? Select all that apply. Ascites Headache and memory loss Cyanosis Peripheral pitting edema Cool, pale extremities - ANSWER Ascites Peripheral pitting edema When the right side of the heart fails, fluid backs up into the systemic venous system. Thus, ascites and peripheral pitting edema occur, as the fluid in the capillaries increases causing edema in these areas. The other signs and symptoms listed are not specific to right-side heart failure. Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with left-side heart failure? Select all that apply. Headache and memory loss Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea