PSY 120 OAKTON EXAM 1 chp 1-6 Questions With Complete Solutions

human development correct answer: Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span life-span development correct answer: concept of human development as a lifelong process which can be studied scientifically physical development correct answer: Develpoment of the body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills and health cognitive development correct answer: pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity psychosocial development correct answer: (1) pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships (2) In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self. social construction correct answer: a concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it, but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society. individual differences correct answer: differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes heredity correct answer: inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents Enviornment correct answer: totality of nonhereditary, or experimental, influences on development Maturation correct answer: unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes nuclear family correct answer: two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren extended family correct answer: multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household socioeconomic status (SES) correct answer: combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation culture correct answer: a society's or groups' total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products - all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children ethnic group correct answer: a group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity normative correct answer: characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group historical generation correct answer: a group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period cohort correct answer: a group of people born at about the same time nonnormative correct answer: characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life imprinting correct answer: instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother critical period correct answer: specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development plasticity correct answer: (1) range of modifiability of performance (2) modifiability, or "molding", of the brain through experience sensitive periods correct answer: times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences CHAPTER 2 correct answer: theory correct answer: coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data hypotheses correct answer: possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research mechanistic model correct answer: model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli organismic model correct answer: model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages quantitative change correct answer: changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary; or frequency of communication qualitative change correct answer: discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization 5 major perspective on human development correct answer: (1) psychoanalytic - unconscious emotions and drives (2) learning - studies observable behavior (3) cognitive - analyzes though processes (4) contextual - emphasizes the impact of the historical, social, and cultural context (5) evolutionary/sociobiological - considers evolutionary and biological underpinnings of behavior psychoanalytic perspective correct answer: view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior psychosexual development correct answer: in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals learning perspective correct answer: view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment behaviorism correct answer: learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior classical conditioning correct answer: learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response (dog salivating to the bell) operant conditioning correct answer: (1) learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. (2) Learning based on reinforcement or punishment Reinforcement correct answer: the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated punishment correct answer: the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition social learning theory correct answer: Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory. reciprocal determinism correct answer: Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development observational learning correct answer: learning through watching the behavior of others cognitive perspective correct answer: view that thought processes are central to development Piaget's cognitive-stage theory correct answer: piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations organization correct answer: (1) piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge. (2) mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered schemes correct answer: piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations. Adaptation correct answer: Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation assimilation correct answer: piaget's term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure. accommodation correct answer: piaget's term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information Equilibration correct answer: Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation. sociocultural theory correct answer: Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development zone of proximal development (ZPD) correct answer: Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help Scaffolding correct answer: temporary support to help a child master a task information-processing approach correct answer: (1) approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information (2) approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information contextual perspective correct answer: view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context bioecological theory correct answer: Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence evolutionary/sociobiological perspective correct answer: view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior Ethology correct answer: study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species evolutionary psychology correct answer: application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior Quantitative research correct answer: research that deals with objectively measurable data scientific method correct answer: system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings. Qualitative research correct answer: research the focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs sample correct answer: group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study random selection correct answer: selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen naturalistic observation correct answer: research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation laboratory observation correct answer: research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions operational definition correct answer: definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon cognitive neuroscience correct answer: study of links between processes and cognitive abilities case study correct answer: study of a single subject, such as an individual or family ethnographic study correct answer: in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation participant observation correct answer: research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed. correlational study correct answer: research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists experiment correct answer: rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other experimental group correct answer: in an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study control group correct answer: in an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study independent variable correct answer: in an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control dependent variable correct answer: in an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable random assignment correct answer: assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal change of being placed in any group cross-sectional study correct answer: study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion longitudinal study correct answer: study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time sequential study correct answer: study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques CHAPTER 3 correct answer: Fertilization (conception) correct answer: union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception zygote correct answer: one-celled organism resulting from fertilization dizygotic twins (fraternal twins) correct answer: twins conceived by the union of two different ova with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins: they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings monozygotic twins (identical twins) correct answer: twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization: also called identical twins: they are genetically similar deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) correct answer: chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life genetic code correct answer: sequence of bases within the DNA molecule: governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells chromosomes correct answer: coils of DNA that consist of genes genes correct answer: small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity human genome correct answer: complete sequence of genes in the human body mutation correct answer: permanent alteration in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics autosomes correct answer: in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression sex chromosomes correct answer: pairs of chromosomes that determine sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male alleles correct answer: two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait homozygous correct answer: possessing two identical alleles for a trait heterozygous correct answer: possessing differing alleles for a trait dominant inheritance correct answer: pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed. recessive inheritance correct answer: pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait polygenic inheritance correct answer: pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait. phenotype correct answer: observable characteristics of a person genotype correct answer: genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics multifactorial transmission correct answer: combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits epigenesis correct answer: mechanism that turns genes off or on and determines functions of body cells incomplete dominance correct answer: pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait. sex-linked inheritance correct answer: pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring down syndrome correct answer: chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes also called trisomy-21 genetic counseling correct answer: clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with heredity defects behavioral genetics correct answer: quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior Heritability correct answer: statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population concordant correct answer: term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder reaction range correct answer: potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait canalization correct answer: limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics genoty[e-environment interaction correct answer: the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions genotype-environment correlation correct answer: Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance. nonshared environmental effects correct answer: the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another obesity correct answer: extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. temperament correct answer: an infant's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to situations gestation correct answer: period of development between conception and birth gestational age correct answer: age of an unborn baby; usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle germinal stage correct answer: first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus implantation correct answer: The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall; occuring at about day 6 embroyonic stage correct answer: second stage of gestation (2-8 weeks) characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs spontaneous abortion correct answer: natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb; also called miscarriage fetal stage correct answer: final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth) characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size ultrasound correct answer: prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally teratogen correct answer: environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or a radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) correct answer: combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) correct answer: viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system stress correct answer: physical or psychological demands on a person or organism CHAPTER 4 correct answer: parturition correct answer: the act or process of giving birth stages of childbirth correct answer: stage 1 - dilation of the cervix stage 2 - descent and emergence of the baby stage 3 - expulsion of the placenta electronic fetal monitoring correct answer: mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery cesarean delivery correct answer: delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus natural childbirth correct answer: method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery prepared childbirth correct answer: method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain doula correct answer: an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor neonatal period correct answer: first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence neonate correct answer: newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old anoxia correct answer: lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage neonatal jaundice correct answer: condition in many newborn babies caused by immaturity of the liver and evidenced by a yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly apgar scale correct answer: standard measurement of a newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration state of arousal correct answer: an infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity low-birth-weight babies (LBW) correct answer: weight of less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth because of prematurity or being small for date preterm (premature) infants correct answer: infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age) infants correct answer: infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth kangaroo care correct answer: method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth postmature correct answer: a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period stillbirth correct answer: death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation infant mortality rate correct answer: proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) correct answer: sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant cephalocaudal principle correct answer: principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk proximodistal principle correct answer: principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities central nervous system correct answer: brain and spinal cord lateralization correct answer: tendency of each of the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions neurons correct answer: nerve cells integration correct answer: process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups Differentiation correct answer: process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions myelination correct answer: process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells reflex behavior correct answer: automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation plasticity correct answer: (1) range of modifibility of performance (2) modifiability, or "molding" of the brain through experience systems of action correct answer: increasingly complex combinations of motor skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment Denver Developmental Screening Test correct answer: screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally gross motor skills correct answer: physical skills that involve the large muscles fine motor skills correct answer: physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination visual guidance correct answer: use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body depth perception correct answer: ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally haptic perception correct answer: ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them (5-7 months) visual cliff correct answer: apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants ecological theory of perception correct answer: theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts dynamic systems theory (DTS) correct answer: Esther Thelen's theory, which holds that motor development in a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment CHAPTER 5 correct answer: behavorist approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning psychometric approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively Piagetian approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning information-processing approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information cognitive neuroscience approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones social-contextual approach correct answer: approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers intelligent behavior correct answer: behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life IQ tests correct answer: psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker's performance with standardized norms Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development correct answer: Standardized test of infants and toddlers mental and motor development Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) correct answer: instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children's cognitive growth Early Intervention correct answer: systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children's developmental needs sensorimotor stage correct answer: piaget's first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity circular reactions correct answer: Piaget's term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by change representational ability correct answer: piaget's term for capacity to tore mental images or symbols of objects and events visible imitation correct answer: imitation with parts of one's body that one can see invisible imitation correct answer: imitation with parts of one's body that one cannot see deferred imitation correct answer: piaget's term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it. elicited imitation correct answer: research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before object permanence correct answer: Piaget's term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight dual representation hypothesis correct answer: proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time habituation correct answer: type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a responce dishabituation correct answer: increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus visual preference correct answer: tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another visual recognition memory correct answer: ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time cross-modal transfer correct answer: ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another causality correct answer: 8 month old ava squeezes her duck and it quacks, startled she drops it and stares at it and then squeezes it again. categorization correct answer: 3 month olds seem to know a dog is not a cat violation of expectations correct answer: research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising implicit memory correct answer: unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory explicit memory correct answer: intentional or conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events working memory correct answer: short-term storage of information being actively processed. guided participation correct answer: adult's participation in a child's activity that helps to structure it and bring the child's understanding of it closer to the adult's prelinguistic speech correct answer: Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning. crying correct answer: newborn's first means of communication cooing correct answer: 6 weeks- 3 months cooing when they are happy: squeling, gurgling and ahhhh sounds. babbling correct answer: repeating consonant-vowel string such as dadadada 6 - 10 months symbolic gestures correct answer: blowing to mean hot or sniffing to mean flower linguistic speech correct answer: verbal expression designed to convey meaning. first word sometime between 10-14 months. mama or dada holophrase correct answer: an entire sentence is expressed with one word telegraphic speech correct answer: early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words. damma deep - grandma is sweeping syntax correct answer: rules for forming sentences in a particular language nativism correct answer: theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition language acquisition device correct answer: in Chomsky's terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear code mixing correct answer: use of elements of two languages, sometimes in same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken code switching correct answer: changing one's speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual child-directed speech (CDS) correct answer: Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese. literacy correct answer: the ability to read and write. emotions correct answer: subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes crying correct answer: earliest and most powerful way infants can communicate their needs social smiling correct answer: beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship anticipatory smiling correct answer: infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling 8-10 months self-conscious emotions correct answer: emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness 15-24 months self-evaluative emotions correct answer: emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior age 3 altruistic behavior correct answer: activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward empathy correct answer: ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels mirror neurons correct answer: neurons that fire when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing social cognition correct answer: Ability to understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions temperament correct answer: biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways. some babies are born fussy, happy, calm "easy" children correct answer: children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences "difficult" children correct answer: children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses "slow-to-warm-up" children correct answer: children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences goodness to fit correct answer: appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament gender-typing correct answer: socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles basic sense of trust versus mistrust correct answer: Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects attachment correct answer: reciprocal, enduring tie between two people-especially between infant and caregiver-each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship strange situation correct answer: laboratory technique used to study infant attachment secure attachment correct answer: pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return avoidant attachment correct answer: pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return ambivalent (resistant) attachment correct answer: Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return. disorganzied-disoriented attachment correct answer: pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return stranger anxiety correct answer: Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants from age 6 to 12 months separation anxiety correct answer: distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves mutual regulation correct answer: process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately interactional synchrony correct answer: the synchronized coordination of behavior and affect between a caregiver and infant social referencing correct answer: understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it self-concept correct answer: sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits autonomy versus shame and doubt correct answer: Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others 18 month - 3 year socialization correct answer: development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society internalization correct answer: during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own self-regulation correct answer: a child's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations. kid sticks finger in outlet mom screams no next time shes alone near outlet she screams no situational compliance correct answer: Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control. kids put toys away as long as their mom is there to remind them committed compliance correct answer: Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses. putting toys away without their paren'ts direct intervention receptive cooperation correct answer: Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play. Physical abuse correct answer: action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury neglect correct answer: failure to meet a dependent's basic needs sexual abuse correct answer: any sexual act without consent emotional maltreatment correct answer: rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders nonorganic failure to thrive correct answer: slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning shaken baby syndrome correct answer: Form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death.