Praxis 5005 (Science) Kathleen Jasper Purple Book Notes and Information Already Graded A

Praxis 5005 (Science) Kathleen Jasper Purple Book Notes and Information Already Graded A Mantle ✔✔Is not liquid, but ductile or plastic, which means t hat some parts can flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure. Composed mainly of aluminum and silicates Crust ✔✔The outermost solid layer of earth. It is the lithosphere. Core ✔✔The innermost layers of the Earth. Mainly composed of nickel a nd iron Inner Core ✔✔Solid. Temperatures and pressures are extreme. Outer Core ✔✔A layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. The only layer of Earth that is a true liquid What is the outer core made up of? ✔✔Nickel and iron Lithosphere ✔✔The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth. Includes the crust, and the top of the mantle Biosphere ✔✔The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms Atmosphere ✔✔The layer of gases that surround the planet Troposphere ✔✔The lowest layer of the atmosphere. Contains weather. Hydrosphere ✔✔All the water on earth Cryosphere ✔✔The masses of frozen water What percentage of Nitrogen makes up the Earth's atmosphere? ✔✔78% What percentage of Oxygen makes up the earth's atmosph ere? ✔✔21% What percentage of Argon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? ✔✔.09% What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth's atmosphere? ✔✔.01% What percentage of Helium and neon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? ✔✔Small traces Geologic formations are formation made from what? ✔✔Rocks Mountains ✔✔Formed as a result of Earth's tectonic plates smashing together Volcanoes ✔✔Formed when magma from within Earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface Canyons ✔✔Formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity. Earthquakes ✔✔Usually caused when plates rub against each other in the opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes seismic waves to make the ground shake Ring of Fire ✔✔A ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean. Seismic Waves ✔✔An elastic wave caused by an earthquake Primary (P waves) ✔✔These are the fastest of t he three types of seismic waves and can travel through solid, liquid, and gases Secondary (S waves) ✔✔Travel through the Earth's interior at about half the speed of primary waves. Can travel through rocks, but not liquids or gases Surface Waves ✔✔Seismic waves that move along Earth's surface, not through its interior. Slowest of the three types of seismic waves Tsunamis ✔✔Giant waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruptions under the sea Plate Tectonics ✔✔The theory that Earth's outer shell is divi ded into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates move and separate, causing earth to separate and change