SENIOR SECONDARY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME 2013
GRADE 12
GEOGRAPHY
LEARNER NOTES
The SSIP is supported by
1
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEARNER NOTES
SESSION TOPIC PAGE
1. Geomorphology consolidation
1. Climatology, Geomorphology and Mapwork -
consolidation exercises
Climatology, Geomorphology and GIS: Consolidation
Exercises
Climatology, Geomorphology and Mapwork: Consolidation
Exercises
2
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
,GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 8 (LEARNER NOTES)
SESSION 8
TOPIC: GEOMORPHOLOGY CONSOLIDATION
Learner Note: In the prelim and final papers the geomorphology section is equally mixed
with climatology in the first two questions in Section A. You really need to know your work
well to get good marks for section A in the final exam. You must also be able to apply your
knowledge as there are some interpretation questions where you also need to understand
the processes involved in geomorphology and climatology. You must put in a lot of effort to
get to know this part of the work well. You must know the facts as you will not get marks for
vague answers.
SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1: 30 minutes 50 marks (Source: Focus exam bank adapted.)
1.1 Various possible answers are provided for each question. Write the letter only of
the correct answer next to the corresponding number.
1.1.1 A watershed is …
A a large amount of rainwater flowing over the surface as overland flow or
sheetflow.
B the upper level of the zone of groundwater saturation in permeable rocks.
C the high ground separating one drainage basin from another.
D a pass or valley through a mountain that is followed by a river
1.1.2 A trellis drainage pattern develops on …
A rocks of uniform or homogeneous resistance and in an area of uniform gradient.
B inclined strata which are unequally resistant to erosion or in areas where there
are parallel fold mountains.
C igneous rocks that have joints and cracks indicating lines of weakness.
D domes where streams flow outwards and downhill.
1.1.3 A hydrograph for an urban area has a shorter lag time and higher flood peak
because,
A there is more run off and less infiltration in urban areas.
B there is less run off and more infiltration in urban areas.
C drainage basins in urban areas are usually pear shaped.
D there are higher stream orders in urban areas.
1.1.4 River capture can be caused by …
A a knickpoint on a concave river profile.
B a windgap that rejuvenates river flow.
C river terraces that join at the elbow of capture.
D increased headward erosion due to steeper gradient and/or larger volume.
3
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
, GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 8 (LEARNER NOTES)
1.1.5 A river has a graded profile when …
A laminar flow causes erosion.
B turbulent flow causes rapids and waterfalls.
C equilibrium has been achieved due to a balance between erosion, transportation
and deposition.
D erosion is greater than deposition because of rejuvenation. (5 x 2) (10)
1.2 Carefully study the following flow chart model of fluvial runoff which follows:
1.2.1 Define these fluvial terms:
a) Infiltration
b) Stream discharge
c) Baseflow (3 x 2)(6)
1.2.2 Explain how widespread soil erosion in the catchment area of this river
system would influence surface runoff. (2 x 2)(4)
1.2.3 During drought periods with water restrictions, many residents sink boreholes
to obtain water. Predict the long-term impact of boreholes on baseflow and
ultimately stream discharge. (2 x 2) (4)
Source: Adapted from: Knighton, David. 1998 Fluvial Forms and Processes .Arnold
Publishers.
4
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
GRADE 12
GEOGRAPHY
LEARNER NOTES
The SSIP is supported by
1
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEARNER NOTES
SESSION TOPIC PAGE
1. Geomorphology consolidation
1. Climatology, Geomorphology and Mapwork -
consolidation exercises
Climatology, Geomorphology and GIS: Consolidation
Exercises
Climatology, Geomorphology and Mapwork: Consolidation
Exercises
2
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
,GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 8 (LEARNER NOTES)
SESSION 8
TOPIC: GEOMORPHOLOGY CONSOLIDATION
Learner Note: In the prelim and final papers the geomorphology section is equally mixed
with climatology in the first two questions in Section A. You really need to know your work
well to get good marks for section A in the final exam. You must also be able to apply your
knowledge as there are some interpretation questions where you also need to understand
the processes involved in geomorphology and climatology. You must put in a lot of effort to
get to know this part of the work well. You must know the facts as you will not get marks for
vague answers.
SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1: 30 minutes 50 marks (Source: Focus exam bank adapted.)
1.1 Various possible answers are provided for each question. Write the letter only of
the correct answer next to the corresponding number.
1.1.1 A watershed is …
A a large amount of rainwater flowing over the surface as overland flow or
sheetflow.
B the upper level of the zone of groundwater saturation in permeable rocks.
C the high ground separating one drainage basin from another.
D a pass or valley through a mountain that is followed by a river
1.1.2 A trellis drainage pattern develops on …
A rocks of uniform or homogeneous resistance and in an area of uniform gradient.
B inclined strata which are unequally resistant to erosion or in areas where there
are parallel fold mountains.
C igneous rocks that have joints and cracks indicating lines of weakness.
D domes where streams flow outwards and downhill.
1.1.3 A hydrograph for an urban area has a shorter lag time and higher flood peak
because,
A there is more run off and less infiltration in urban areas.
B there is less run off and more infiltration in urban areas.
C drainage basins in urban areas are usually pear shaped.
D there are higher stream orders in urban areas.
1.1.4 River capture can be caused by …
A a knickpoint on a concave river profile.
B a windgap that rejuvenates river flow.
C river terraces that join at the elbow of capture.
D increased headward erosion due to steeper gradient and/or larger volume.
3
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
, GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 SESSION 8 (LEARNER NOTES)
1.1.5 A river has a graded profile when …
A laminar flow causes erosion.
B turbulent flow causes rapids and waterfalls.
C equilibrium has been achieved due to a balance between erosion, transportation
and deposition.
D erosion is greater than deposition because of rejuvenation. (5 x 2) (10)
1.2 Carefully study the following flow chart model of fluvial runoff which follows:
1.2.1 Define these fluvial terms:
a) Infiltration
b) Stream discharge
c) Baseflow (3 x 2)(6)
1.2.2 Explain how widespread soil erosion in the catchment area of this river
system would influence surface runoff. (2 x 2)(4)
1.2.3 During drought periods with water restrictions, many residents sink boreholes
to obtain water. Predict the long-term impact of boreholes on baseflow and
ultimately stream discharge. (2 x 2) (4)
Source: Adapted from: Knighton, David. 1998 Fluvial Forms and Processes .Arnold
Publishers.
4
(c) Gauteng Department of Education, 2013
