Child Psychology Exam 1
What is development? - correct answer Physical and mental changes we go through in a lifetime
What is developmental psychology? What is an example of something that a developmental psychologist
would study? - correct answer Development psychology is the science of studying these changes (physical, psychological, and behavioral) across the lifespan.
What are the five themes discussed in the text pertaining to areas of developmental psychology? - correct answer Theme 1: Nature vs. Nurture
Theme 2: Sociocultural Influence
Theme 3: Continuity/Discontinuity Theme 4: Interaction of Domains Theme 5: Risk/Resilience
Describe the Nature vs. Nurture theme - correct answer Is our development determined by our heredity of by our environment? Nature: Genetics and environment Nurture: parenting, culture
Current view: there is an interaction between the two
Give an example of Nurture from the Nature vs. Nurture theme - correct answer If a child is raised in an environment where dad hits the dog every time it does something bad, the child may grow up taking its aggression out and handling problems with animals and possibly other people in a negative, physically aggressive way unless it is taught by someone else another way to handle things
Give an example of nature in the nature vs. nurture theme - correct answer If aggression is inherited, it will need to be treated differently than a nurture situation. Is child inherited an aggressive gene, it will be
more complex than just treating the action. Describe the Sociocultural Influence theme and give an example. - correct answer sociocultural context refers to a society or culture norms/standards set by the society. Example: Muller-Lyer Illusion- two different lengths seen based on where you are from
Describe the Continuity/Discontinuity theme. - correct answer Continuous aspect: development is gradual, steady advances
Discontinuous aspect: development is stage-like with abrupt changes followed by a period of stability The consensus?: undecided
Describe the interaction of domains theory and give an example. - correct answer the idea that all domains of development interact and affect one another! Example: your height development, which is based on genetics and your environment, will effect your emotional and social life. For boys, if they are very short throughout life they may be made fun of, for girls, if they are "too tall"
Describe the risk/resilience theory and give an example - correct answer the idea that children are exposed to various kinds and levels of benefits and risks during their development and children respond to these risks/benefits differently. Example: while one child may break down to parental divorce, another may bounce back from it quickly
What is learning? - correct answer a change in behavior due to experiences
What are the 5 major approaches to learning theory? - correct answer Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment
Describe classical conditioning - correct answer -Starts out with a neutral stimulus and a reflexive, biological response -eventually, a neural stimulus can become elicit to the reflexive behavior. When this occurs you have conditioning. NS becomes CS, UCR becomes CR Describe Pavlov's dog experiment. - correct answer Was an example of classical conditioning Pavlov took an unconditioned response of salvation and the neutral stimulus of ringing a bell and by feeding the dogs a treat every time he rang the bell, soon enough he was able to ring the bell and the dogs would salivate without the treat.
Describe operant conditioning - correct answer we learn things based on the how the behavior is connected to its consequence. *always leads to an increase in behavior*
positive reinforcement - correct answer always leads to an increase in behavior
doing behavior leads to something good happening to you do it more
negative reinforcement - correct answer leads to an increase in behavior increasing a behavior avoids a negative outcome (putting sunscreen on every time you go to the beach to avoid getting sunburnt)
Punishment - correct answer Leads to decrease in behavior
What is the social learning theory? (observational learning) - correct answer learning by observation of other and mimicking said behaviors (good and bad)
What was the Bobo doll experiment? - correct answer Children were split into two groups. One group watched an intern aggressively play with the bobo doll. Punching it and kicking it over. Another group watched the intern play nicely with the bobo doll with dolls and other toys. The children were then sent to play with the doll themselves. The group who watched the aggressive behavior was overall more aggressive to the bobo doll, the group who watched the nice playing was also nice to the doll.
Describe the cognitive developmental approach - correct answer behavior is a result of current cognitive structures. As you age these structures grow and change
What is development? - correct answer Physical and mental changes we go through in a lifetime
What is developmental psychology? What is an example of something that a developmental psychologist
would study? - correct answer Development psychology is the science of studying these changes (physical, psychological, and behavioral) across the lifespan.
What are the five themes discussed in the text pertaining to areas of developmental psychology? - correct answer Theme 1: Nature vs. Nurture
Theme 2: Sociocultural Influence
Theme 3: Continuity/Discontinuity Theme 4: Interaction of Domains Theme 5: Risk/Resilience
Describe the Nature vs. Nurture theme - correct answer Is our development determined by our heredity of by our environment? Nature: Genetics and environment Nurture: parenting, culture
Current view: there is an interaction between the two
Give an example of Nurture from the Nature vs. Nurture theme - correct answer If a child is raised in an environment where dad hits the dog every time it does something bad, the child may grow up taking its aggression out and handling problems with animals and possibly other people in a negative, physically aggressive way unless it is taught by someone else another way to handle things
Give an example of nature in the nature vs. nurture theme - correct answer If aggression is inherited, it will need to be treated differently than a nurture situation. Is child inherited an aggressive gene, it will be
more complex than just treating the action. Describe the Sociocultural Influence theme and give an example. - correct answer sociocultural context refers to a society or culture norms/standards set by the society. Example: Muller-Lyer Illusion- two different lengths seen based on where you are from
Describe the Continuity/Discontinuity theme. - correct answer Continuous aspect: development is gradual, steady advances
Discontinuous aspect: development is stage-like with abrupt changes followed by a period of stability The consensus?: undecided
Describe the interaction of domains theory and give an example. - correct answer the idea that all domains of development interact and affect one another! Example: your height development, which is based on genetics and your environment, will effect your emotional and social life. For boys, if they are very short throughout life they may be made fun of, for girls, if they are "too tall"
Describe the risk/resilience theory and give an example - correct answer the idea that children are exposed to various kinds and levels of benefits and risks during their development and children respond to these risks/benefits differently. Example: while one child may break down to parental divorce, another may bounce back from it quickly
What is learning? - correct answer a change in behavior due to experiences
What are the 5 major approaches to learning theory? - correct answer Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment
Describe classical conditioning - correct answer -Starts out with a neutral stimulus and a reflexive, biological response -eventually, a neural stimulus can become elicit to the reflexive behavior. When this occurs you have conditioning. NS becomes CS, UCR becomes CR Describe Pavlov's dog experiment. - correct answer Was an example of classical conditioning Pavlov took an unconditioned response of salvation and the neutral stimulus of ringing a bell and by feeding the dogs a treat every time he rang the bell, soon enough he was able to ring the bell and the dogs would salivate without the treat.
Describe operant conditioning - correct answer we learn things based on the how the behavior is connected to its consequence. *always leads to an increase in behavior*
positive reinforcement - correct answer always leads to an increase in behavior
doing behavior leads to something good happening to you do it more
negative reinforcement - correct answer leads to an increase in behavior increasing a behavior avoids a negative outcome (putting sunscreen on every time you go to the beach to avoid getting sunburnt)
Punishment - correct answer Leads to decrease in behavior
What is the social learning theory? (observational learning) - correct answer learning by observation of other and mimicking said behaviors (good and bad)
What was the Bobo doll experiment? - correct answer Children were split into two groups. One group watched an intern aggressively play with the bobo doll. Punching it and kicking it over. Another group watched the intern play nicely with the bobo doll with dolls and other toys. The children were then sent to play with the doll themselves. The group who watched the aggressive behavior was overall more aggressive to the bobo doll, the group who watched the nice playing was also nice to the doll.
Describe the cognitive developmental approach - correct answer behavior is a result of current cognitive structures. As you age these structures grow and change
