Overzicht van de psychologie
H1 The science of psychology
§1.1 What is psychological science?
Conduct good scientific studies & think carefully about the results.
Understand & predict behavior
Too often rely on common sense or feelings
Mind = mental act. → perceptual exp. (senses) while interacting w/ world
Memories, thoughts, feelings
Results from biological progress in brain
Behavior = actions (subtle ↔ complex)
Human only ↔ all animals
Understand mental act (normal ↔ abnormal)
Amiable skepticism → openness & awareness
New ideas, wary of new ‘findings’ when not supported by good evidence/sound reasoning
Carefully weighing facts = critical thinking
Looking for holes in evidence, using logic/ reasoning if makes sense, considering alternative expl.,
biased info
Healthy questioning & open mind → keep refreshing info
Intuitions are often wrong/biased
Reasoning = using evidence to draw concl.
Biases occur because people are motivated to use intelligence. Brain makes connections. Analyzes
info & makes sense of info (mostly relevant/correct concl.)
See what expected to see, fail to notice things that do not fit our expectations.
Confirmation bias (Ignoring evidence)
Importance on evidence that supports beliefs. Downplay other evidence
Merit ↔ look for flaws/problems
Credibility (Failing to accurately judge source)
Whom to believe?
To be able to justify their claims (experience/infl) → source examination
Misunderstanding/not trusting statics
Relationship between variables infl by exp.
More likely to… → not everyone/thing → everything by chance
Seeing relations that don’t exist
Not all things that happen at same time are related → causes superstitious beh. → mostly
coincidence
Using relative comparison
Info that comes first → strong infl on relative comparison
Framing/presenting question infl answer
Positive preferred = outcome the same
Accepting after-the-fact expl.
Exp the world to make sense → expl (even incomplete info)
Hindsight bias = expl but not predicting
Not link signs to outcome
Known outcome, (re)interpret evidence to make sense of outcome
After-the-fact expl tend to distort evidence
H1 The science of psychology
§1.1 What is psychological science?
Conduct good scientific studies & think carefully about the results.
Understand & predict behavior
Too often rely on common sense or feelings
Mind = mental act. → perceptual exp. (senses) while interacting w/ world
Memories, thoughts, feelings
Results from biological progress in brain
Behavior = actions (subtle ↔ complex)
Human only ↔ all animals
Understand mental act (normal ↔ abnormal)
Amiable skepticism → openness & awareness
New ideas, wary of new ‘findings’ when not supported by good evidence/sound reasoning
Carefully weighing facts = critical thinking
Looking for holes in evidence, using logic/ reasoning if makes sense, considering alternative expl.,
biased info
Healthy questioning & open mind → keep refreshing info
Intuitions are often wrong/biased
Reasoning = using evidence to draw concl.
Biases occur because people are motivated to use intelligence. Brain makes connections. Analyzes
info & makes sense of info (mostly relevant/correct concl.)
See what expected to see, fail to notice things that do not fit our expectations.
Confirmation bias (Ignoring evidence)
Importance on evidence that supports beliefs. Downplay other evidence
Merit ↔ look for flaws/problems
Credibility (Failing to accurately judge source)
Whom to believe?
To be able to justify their claims (experience/infl) → source examination
Misunderstanding/not trusting statics
Relationship between variables infl by exp.
More likely to… → not everyone/thing → everything by chance
Seeing relations that don’t exist
Not all things that happen at same time are related → causes superstitious beh. → mostly
coincidence
Using relative comparison
Info that comes first → strong infl on relative comparison
Framing/presenting question infl answer
Positive preferred = outcome the same
Accepting after-the-fact expl.
Exp the world to make sense → expl (even incomplete info)
Hindsight bias = expl but not predicting
Not link signs to outcome
Known outcome, (re)interpret evidence to make sense of outcome
After-the-fact expl tend to distort evidence
