EMT Chapter 28 AAOS Eleventh Edition Graded A+

EMT Chapter 28 AAOS Eleventh Edition Graded A+ anterograde amnesia Inability to remember events after an injury. axial loading injuries Injuries in which load is applied along the vertical or longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height and landing on the feet in an upright position. basilar skull fractures Usually occur following diffuse impact to the head; generally result from extension of a linear fracture to the base of the skull and can be difficult to diagnose with a radiograph. cerebral edema Swelling of the brain. concussion A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without actual physical damage to the brain. coup-contrecoup injury Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds. epidural hematoma An accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura meter. eyes forward position A head position in which the patient's eyes are looking straight ahead and the head and torso are in line. four-person log roll The recommended procedure for moving a patient with a suspected spinal injury from the ground to a long backboard or other spinal immobilization device. intervertebral disk The cushion that lies between two vertebrae. intracerebral hematoma Bleeding within the brain tissue itself; also referred to as a intraparenchymal hematoma. intracranial pressure The pressure within the cranial vault. involuntary activities Actions of the body that are not under a person's conscious control. linear skull fractures Account for 80 percent of skull fractures; also referred to as nondisplaced skull fractures; commonly occur in the temporal-parietal region of the skull; not associated with deformities to the skull. meninges Three distinct layers of tissue that surround and protect the brain and the spinal cord within the skull and the spinal canal. open head injury Injury to the head often caused by a penetrating object in which there may be bleeding and exposed brain tissue. primary injury An injury to the brain and its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head. raccoon eyes Bruising under the eyes that may indicate a skull fracture. retrograde amnesia The inability to remember events leading up to a head injury. secondary injury The after effects of the primary injury; includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection; onset is often delayed following the primary brain injury. subarachnoid hemorrhage Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. subdural hematoma An accumulation of blood beneath the dura meter but outside the brain. traumatic brain injury A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes. voluntary activities Actions that we consciously perform, in which sensory input or conscious thought determines a specific muscular activity. Battle sign Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture. closed head injury Injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken and there is no obvious bleeding.