Psy 365 Exam 4 Questions And Answers Rated 100% Correct!!

What are some potential causes of a hangover following too much alcohol ingestion? - acetaldehyde: too much alcohol leads to too much acetaldehyde which makes you feel bad/hungover Congeners: make you sick Loss of water in your body-dehydration Alcohol is a gastric irritant (can irritate lining of stomach leading to nausea and vomiting) ***Tannins found in red wine might have antioxidant effects and contribute to hangovers What percentage of alcohol is metabolized in one hour? - 0.015% of alcohol is metabolized in one hour What is the first pass metabolism? - 15-20% of what you drink gets metabolized in the stomach by enzymes before ever getting into the bloodstream How is the first pass metabolism affected by drinking on an empty stomach? - when you drink on an empty stomach, first-pass metabolism gets bypassed, therefore you get more of what you drink into the bloodstream *women have a lower first-pass metabolism than men so they feel the effects of alcohol faster/with less drinks than men How does alcohol affect the brain/neurotransmitters in general? - decreases neural transmitter release by changing those actual membranes of the neuron so they don't release as much of the neurotransmitter (minimizing the transmitters across brain regions) alcohol causes the swelling of neurons, causes the swelling of terminal buttons so neurotransmitters in general will be decreased Which two neurotransmitters discussed in class are thought to be directly affected by alcohol and how are they affected? - -glutamate and GABA-it may have targeted effects on NDMA which is a receptor for glutamate -may also target GABA which will affect chloride influx Review the basics of the fermentation process - -fermentation process is the process of making wine by using yeast to convert natural sugars into ethyl alcohol -every sugar that gets broken down you get: 2 molecules of alcohol and 1 molecule of carbon dioxide -wine can't often get more than 12% alcohol because at 12% alcohol the yeast gets killed and it stops the fermentation process Review the basics of the distillation process - distillation is the process of making liquor, by boiling a fermented liquid, then cooling it to produce a higher alcohol content -alcohol has a lower boiling temp than water, so alcohol evaporates and leaves behind the liquid at the higher boiling temp (water) -at this point alcohol has been turned into vapor and cooling condenses it back into liquid, after this, the water and alcohol essentially become separate and alcohol is very concentrated (that's how it goes from 12% to 40%) What is the drug Antabuse used for and how does it work? - Disulfiram (antabuse): blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase (the enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde) which leads to an increase in acetaldehyde, which makes you feel more hunger