Human Growth and Development 249
questions and answers
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an
accurate representation of his ideas? - answer Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at
each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major
concern.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to - answer reciprocal interactions
between an organism and its immediate environment.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and
occupation is called - answer SES
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development
may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. - answer multifinality
In lifespan developmental theories, significant developmental changes are thought to be largely
complete by - answer death
The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors
are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of - answer multidimensional
systems theories
Human development involves changes in size, efficiency, and capacity that can be described as
____________change, and shifts in forms of thought and behavior that can be described as
______________ changes. - answer quantitative/qualitative
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the
general population is called - answer primary prevention
,The scientific usage of the word theory is best described as - answer a tested and supported
explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or
phenomena.
A natural experiment is not considered a true experiment because the researcher is not able to
manipulate or control the variables. - answer true
A result of _____ interactions could be that children whose parents have rejected them may
have difficulty developing positive relationships with their friends or peers. - answer
mesosystem
According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop
social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. - answer latent
According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes
foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition. - answer initiative
vs. guilt
Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____
through direct _____ of one or more variables. - answer causation, manipulation
Piaget described the process of a person's cognitive development through six distinct stages. -
answer False
The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental
psychologists throughout the world. - answer False
The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social
environment most closely coincides with _____'s theory of development, indicating that
development is inseparable from social and cultural life. - answer Vygotsky
, Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge. - answer True
Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development. -
answer True
_____ posited that during the first 6 years of life, children develop ways to resolve conflicts
between the desire for pleasure and the demands of reality. - answer Freud
Which stage of cognitive development is marked by a child's ability to employ logic, only with
tangible objects and problems? - answer Concrete operational
Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a
negative outcome of disdain? - answer integrity vs. despair
_____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one's
lifespan as key to understanding human development. - answer Erickson
_____ provide(s) a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific
vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs. - answer
Theories
_____ research is an example of _____ research in which the characteristics being investigated
are measured simultaneously across different age groups. - answer Cross-sectional; descriptive
_____'s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more
likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence. - answer Skinner;
operant conditioning
_____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was
based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species
development as they grew up. - answer Hall
questions and answers
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an
accurate representation of his ideas? - answer Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at
each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major
concern.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to - answer reciprocal interactions
between an organism and its immediate environment.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and
occupation is called - answer SES
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development
may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. - answer multifinality
In lifespan developmental theories, significant developmental changes are thought to be largely
complete by - answer death
The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors
are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of - answer multidimensional
systems theories
Human development involves changes in size, efficiency, and capacity that can be described as
____________change, and shifts in forms of thought and behavior that can be described as
______________ changes. - answer quantitative/qualitative
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the
general population is called - answer primary prevention
,The scientific usage of the word theory is best described as - answer a tested and supported
explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or
phenomena.
A natural experiment is not considered a true experiment because the researcher is not able to
manipulate or control the variables. - answer true
A result of _____ interactions could be that children whose parents have rejected them may
have difficulty developing positive relationships with their friends or peers. - answer
mesosystem
According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop
social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. - answer latent
According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes
foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition. - answer initiative
vs. guilt
Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____
through direct _____ of one or more variables. - answer causation, manipulation
Piaget described the process of a person's cognitive development through six distinct stages. -
answer False
The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental
psychologists throughout the world. - answer False
The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social
environment most closely coincides with _____'s theory of development, indicating that
development is inseparable from social and cultural life. - answer Vygotsky
, Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge. - answer True
Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development. -
answer True
_____ posited that during the first 6 years of life, children develop ways to resolve conflicts
between the desire for pleasure and the demands of reality. - answer Freud
Which stage of cognitive development is marked by a child's ability to employ logic, only with
tangible objects and problems? - answer Concrete operational
Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a
negative outcome of disdain? - answer integrity vs. despair
_____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one's
lifespan as key to understanding human development. - answer Erickson
_____ provide(s) a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific
vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs. - answer
Theories
_____ research is an example of _____ research in which the characteristics being investigated
are measured simultaneously across different age groups. - answer Cross-sectional; descriptive
_____'s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more
likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence. - answer Skinner;
operant conditioning
_____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was
based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species
development as they grew up. - answer Hall
