EDF3110 - Human Growth and Development Exam 1UF |129 questions and answers

Developmental Science Theory Study of both change and constancy through the lifespan Stability Persistence of individual differences Lifelong patterns established by early experiences HEREDITY Plasticity Development is open to life long change Change occurs based on influential experiences Lifespan Perspective Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, highly plastic, and influenced by multiple, interacting forces Age-graded Fairly predictable events in when they occur and how long they last. Many age-related experiences. History-graded Forces unique to a specific era (wars, economic depression or prosperity) cohort effect: people born around the same time tend to be similar Nonnormative Irregular, unpredictable events that happen to one person or a few people Id Largest portion of the mind Present at birth Biological needs/desires Ego Conscious, rational part of personality Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways Superego The conscience Develops in ages 3 to 6 through caregiver interaction Behaviorism directly observable events; stimuli and responses Classical Conditioning Learning occurs through the use of a stimulus and response (Pavlov) Operant Conditioning Frequency of behavior can modified using reinforcers and punishment (BF Skinner) Reinforcement positive addition for good behavior (food, praise or smile) Ecological Systems Theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment Microsystem innermost level of the environment; immediate surroundings; adults <-> children Mesosystem connections between microsystems; classroom (teacher student) involvement AND home (parent student) involvement Exosystem social settings that don't contain the person, but still affect experiences in immediate settings (Board of directors) (Parents' social networks) Macrosystem cultural values, laws, customs and resources Chronosystem Big life changes Correlational examines relationships between variables without altering people's experiences Cross-sectional Different groups studied at different times longitudinal Same group studied at different times Sequential Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies Experimental permits cause and effects inferences; use procedure to assign people to two or more treatable conditions Independent Variable Manipulated by experimenter Dependent Variable Measured by experimenter Expected to be influenced by IV Random Assignment Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions Increases equal distribution of characteristics Hypothesis What the experimenter expects will occur Correlational Coefficient a number that describes how two variables are associated with each other (Positive, Negative or No) Deception & Research Ethics Genotypes Genetic makeup of an individual Phenotypes Observable characteristics of an individual Chromosomes Rodlike structures within the cells that store and transmit genetic information Alleles Two forms of the same gene, one from each parent Autosomes Not sex chromosomes (22 of the 23 donated chromosomes) Homozygous= both alleles are alike Heterozygous= alleles differ Homelessness in US Most are women w children under 5 Children suffer from developmental delays and chronic emotional stress 25-30% don't attend school Canalization Tendency of heredity to restrict development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes Epigenesis Development results from bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environments Genes affect behavior and experiences and vice versa Gene-environment correlation our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed Gene-environment interaction bc of genetic makeup, individuals differ in responsiveness to qualities of the environment people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences Niche-picking tendency to actively choose environments that compliment our heredity Blastocyte hollow, fluid filled ball of 60 to 70 cells 4th day Zygote lasts about two weeks from fertilization until tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube & attaches to the uterus Embryo from implantation to the 8th week most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs Placenta brings embryos and mother's blood close together permits food and oxygen to reach the organism and waster products to be carried away Umbilical Cord first appears as a tiny stalk and grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products Three stages of labor Dilation and effacement of the cervix (longest) Delivery of the baby Delivery of the placenta Age of viability the point at which the baby can first survive; between 22 and 26 weeks Lanugo white, downy hair appears over entire body, helping vernix stick to the skin; prevents chapping while in amniotic fluid Effects of teratogen any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period Fetal Alcohol Syndrome slow physical growth 3 facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, smooth or flattened philtrum (between nose and lip) brain injury (small head and impairment in at least 3 areas of functioning (memory, language & communication, attention span & activity level, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills Rh Factor Incompatibility when mother is rh negative and the father is rh positive, baby may inherit rh positive blood type mom and babies blood could mix and cause antibodies to the foreign rh protein Apgar Scale Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration Benefits of baby's stress hormones during birth high levels of infant cortisol & other stress hormones are adaptive withstand oxygen deprivation prepare baby to breathe by causing the lungs to absorb any remaining fluid & by expanding the bronchial tubes arouse infant to alertness Reflexes Eye blink, rooting, sucking, stepping, Babinski, Moro, palmer grasp, tonic neck Eye blink protects infant from strong stimulation Rooting helps infant find the nipple Sucking permits feeding Stepping prepares infant for voluntary walking Babinski toes fan out and curl as foot twists in Moro in human evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother Palmer grasp prepares infant for voluntary grasping Tonic neck may prepare infant for voluntary reaching Development of infant's senses Touch, taste and smell, Hearing, Vision Hearing sensitivity improves over first few months newborns prefer complex sounds to pure tones few day old babies can tell the difference in sound patterns