Psychology 203 Human Growth and Development exam with 100% correct answers

Psychoanalytic theory a grand theory of development that holds irrational, unconscious drives & motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior Freud emphasized the sexual nature of humans while Erikson emphasized their social nature Classical Conditioning learning process which meaningful stimulus is connected with a natural stimulus Operant Conditioning learning process which a particular action is followed by something desired or unwanted Reinforcement behavior is followed by something desired Social Learning Theory humans may learn from others through observation & imitation, even without reinforcement Epigenetic theory develop through an unfolding of our personality Selective adaptation tendency to give diminished response to stimuli Phenotype observable characteristics of a person Monozygotic twins 1 egg splits apart in early development dizygotic twins 2 separate eggs fertilized by 2 sperms A human egg contains an X chromosome while a human sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome Assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques designed to help infertile couples IVF (In vitro fertilization) fertilization outside of womens body in lab, then later inserted into a womens uterus ICSI (Intra-cytoplasmic injection) single sperm cell is injected directly into an ovum Infants vision develops as they age Genetic counseling advising parents consequences of a disorder and probability of developing/transmitting Human development first occurs in the prenatal stages of zygote (0-2 weeks), then embryo (3-8 weeks), then fetus (weeks 9-birth) Teratogen anything than can harm the fetus At birth, doctors perform an Apgar exam on the newborn, which measures Color, heart rate, respirations, muscle tone Some potential problems for preterm babies (preemies) are low birth rates, poor, undeveloped lungs Risk analysis defining and analyzing dangers Head-sparring biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts the body Transient exuberance temporary increase in number of dendrities that develop in infants brain Experience- expectant brain functions require certain basic common experiences infants' hearing their hearing is good at birth, they like the human voice, are soothed by lullabies, & startled by sudden sounds Infants vision at birth blurry, cant really see Gross motor skills large body movements such as walking fine motor skills small body movements such as drawing immunization causes production of antibodies to defend an attack of a disease object permanence realization objects still exist even if it cant be seen or touched "the visual cliff" experiment gives illusion of sudden drop-off Information processing theory developmental theory, brain like a computer Behaviorist view of how we learn language behaviorists think we learn language from reward Social-pragmatic view of how we learn language framework of social interaction Chomsky believed that language learning was innate, inborn universal grammar language acquisition device (LAD) chomsky term for hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language Separation anxiety infants distress when caregiver leaves Erikson, first crisis of life, Trust vs. Mistrust every age range has a crisis/issue to deal with before the move on Behaviorism social learning human behavior explained in terms of conditioning learning cognitive process takes in social contact goodness of fit how well parents make environment fit childs personality Proximal parenting vs. distal parenting proximal: body contact & stimulation distal: face-to-face & objects stimulation attachment "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with caregiver insecure-avoidant attachment pattern of attachment which infant avoids connection with caregiver social referencing seeking info about how to read to an unfamiliar object or event in preschool children, the most common nutritional problem in the developed countries is insufficient intake of iron, zinc, & calcium characteristics of children who have been maltreated (abused) repeated injuries, fantasy play, unusual appetite injury control practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities secondary prevention actions that avert harm in high-risk situations centration characteristic of preoperational thought, young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent over regularization application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, adding ed to everything piaget: active learning and egocentrism engage in activities/ inability differentiate between self and other vygotsky: guided participation and apprenticeship acquire new skills through participation