Lifespan Development Exam Study Guide (Ch. 1-8) ALL SOLUTION LATEST EDITION 2023/24 GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Which of the following words BEST describes the focus of the study of human development? a. change b. childhood c. dynamics d. relationships a. The concept of a lifelong process of development that can be studied scientifically is known as what? a. childhood development b. longtime development c. life-span development d. traditional development c. Which scientific goal is reflected by suggesting that high school students who score a 1000 or more on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) will be successful in college? a. describe b. explain c. predict d. intervene c. Which scientific goal is reflected by stating that most children take their first steps at about a year? a. describe b. explain c. predict d. intervene a. Which scientific goal is reflected by stating that most students learn to read through a combination of phonetic and whole-word instruction? a. describe b. explain c. predict d. intervene b. Which scientific goal is reflected by suggesting that after several weeks of observing Ronald's aggressive behavior patterns, he would benefit from counseling? a. describe b. explain c. predict d. intervene d. Juan's teacher is concerned that he is behind his fellow classmates in computational ability. Juan's teacher is concerned about which domain of human development? a. physical b. cognitive c. psychosocial d. neurological b. Peter is three inches taller than every other student in his class. Which domain of development would address Peter's height? a. physical b. cognitive c. psychosocial d. neurological a. Professor Sanchez is passing out peer evaluations to a group of preschool children. Each child can choose a smiley face, a neutral face, or a frowny face to describe their classmates. Which developmental domain is Professor Sanchez most interested in? a. physical b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial d. Division of the life span into periods is a a. physical construction b. cognitive construction c. intellectual construction d. social construction d. The inborn traits or characteristics we inherit from biological parents are our a. environment b. individual differences c. heredity d. influences c. Dr. Atkinson focuses her studies on factors such as school, family, and peers. She is most interested in a. inherited characteristics b. environmental factors c. maturational factors d. personality factors b. The family that consists of two generations with parents and children - either biological, step, or adopted - is called a. nuclear b. extended c. multigenerational d. post modern a. A multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins is called a(n) ____ family. a. nonnormative b. nuclear c. extended d. blended c. Socioeconomic status is determined by all of the following EXCEPT a. ethnicity b. income c. education d. occupation a. Conditions that would increase the likelihood of a negative outcome are a. environmental perceptions b. genetic influences c. risk factors d. social resources c. Some religious groups have taught children consistent traditions for weddings and funerals. Teaching these ways to the next generation is an example of a. context b. ethnic diversity c. culture d. morality c. An overgeneralization that obscures cultural difference within a group is an a. ethnic identity b. ethnic gloss c. ethnicity d. ethnic group b. Developmental researchers refer to typical events that happen at an atypical time, or atypical events that happen at a typical time, as _____ events. a. normative b. nonnormative c. strange d. bizarre b. Which concept has caused many researchers to replace the term "critical period" with "sensitive periods"? a. imprinting b. plasticity c. temperament d. genetic predisposition b. If Bill's behavior is viewed as passive and reactive, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior. a. naturalistic b. mechanistic c. organismic d. maturationistic b. If Troy's behavior is viewed as active and self-determining, he would be perceived as demonstrating the ___________ model of behavior. a. naturalistic b. mechanistic c. organismic d. maturationistic c. Stacy's mother believes that most of Stacy's acting out lately has been caused by unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior. Stacy's mother follows the ________ perspective. a. humanistic b. ethological c. psychoanalytic d. learning c. According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle," seeking the immediate gratification of desires, is the a. id b. ego c. superego d. ego ideal a. According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle," realistically finding ways to obtain gratification, is the a. id b. ego c. superego d. conscience b. Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year-old, hits her brother for laughing at her and feels guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the a. id b. ego c. superego d. defense mechanism c. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first crisis, which occurs during infancy, is a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority a. The virtue that develops when children successfully resolve Erikson's first stage of development, which occurs during infancy, is a. will b. hope c. fidelity d. competence b. According to the ______ perspective, people's actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening. a. organismic b. behaviorism c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic b. Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called a. punishment b. reinforcement c. an aversive event d. classical conditioning b. Punishment _____ a behavior by bringing on a(n) ____ event. a. increases; aversive or unpleasant b. suppresses; aversive or unpleasant c. suppresses; positive or pleasant d. increases; negative or unpleasant b. According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is a. classical conditioning b. observation and imitation c. punishment of inappropriate behavior d. shaping of appropriate behavior b. Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed. Stacy has developed a. cognition b. behavioral analysis c. social learning d. self-efficacy d. The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the _____ perspective. a. cognitive b. thinking c. behavioral d. intellectual a. Jay is interested in putting together a puzzle. However, he is not quite capable yet and his mother is helping him along. The difference between what Jay can do by himself and what he still needs help with reflects Vygotsky's notion of a. structured application b. zone of proximal development c. distal learning d. zone of distal development b. _____ refers to the temporary support that parents, teachers, and others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone. a. laddering b. constructing c. scaffolding d. supporting c. Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the home. According to the Brofenbrenner's theory, Dr. Willard is studying the children in their a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem a. Dr. Berry, who employs Brofenbrenner's approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the _______ level of environmental influence. a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem b. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the ecological approach, the government changes are changes in people's a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. endosystem d. macrosystem d. According to Brofenbrenner, a country's policy on maternal leave occurs at which level of environmental influence? a. microsystem b. macrosystem c. exosystem d. mesosystem c. Daniel is doing research that involves gathering detailed descriptions from people about their beliefs. Daniel is doing what kind of research? a. qualitative b. quantitative c. theoretical d. hypothetical a. When research deals with objectively measurable data, this is a description of a. qualitative research b. quantitative research c. theories d. hypotheses b. When conducting research, scientists will typically measure a _____ and generalize the results to a _______. a. cohort; sample b. nonnormative group; normative group c. population; sample d. sample; population d. Which of the following is NOT an example of a self-report technique? a. questionnaire b. diary or log c. interview d. observation d. Going to a daycare to observe the interactions between caregivers and infants would be an example of a a. naturalistic observation b. laboratory observation c. questionnaire d. self-report measure a. When a researcher decides to travel with the circus to observe the performers, without altering the environment they live and work in, the research is a a. laboratory observation b. naturalistic observation c. quantitative research project d. natural experiment b. An in-depth study of an individual is a(n) a. naturalistic observation b. case study c. interview d. experiment b. An in-depth case study of a culture or subculture is an _____ study a. enculturation b. ethnographic c. acculturation d. ethnic b. A researcher who wants to find out if a statistical relationship exists between variables should use a(n) a. questionnaire b. correlation c. experiment d. case study b. A controlled procedure in which the experimenter manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is a(n) a. manipulation b. experiment c. observation d. correlation b. In an experiment, Professor Daley manipulates the _____ variable and then looks for an effect of that manipulation by measuring the _____ variable. a. dependent; independent b. control; experimental c. experimental; control d. independent; dependent d. Dr. Ellie Cheetham follows the same group of children over a 10-year period, measuring their performance twice a year. This is which method of data collection? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. sequential d. clinical b. Professor Bingham measures the cognitive skills of one hundred 30-year-olds and compares them with one hundred 50-year-olds. This is an example of which method? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. sequential d. clinical a. In terms of research ethics, if a scientist is concerned that the results of the study outweigh the potential emotional harm done by the study, the scientist is primarily concerned about a. beneficence b. respect c. justice d. none of these a. According to the American Psychological Association, participants in psychological research have all of the following rights EXCEPT the right to a. privacy and confidentiality b. informed consent c. financial remuneration d. self-esteem c. Which of the following is an ethical principle? a. beneficence b. justice c. respect d. all of these d. According to your text, when does development start? a. at conception b. at birth c. in infancy d. during adolescence a. A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is referred to as a. implanation b. ovulation c. fertilization d. menstruation c. In recent years there has been a rise in multiple births. This rise is a result of a. delayed childbearing b. increased use of fertility drugs c. assisted reproduction d. all of these d. Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are a. monozygotic b. dizygotic c. unizygotic d. either monozygotic or dizygotic b. Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called a. genes b. human genomes c. chromosomes d. zygotes c. In human development class, Tasha and Gregg learned that it is the chromosomes of ____ that will determine the sex of the child they hope to have together. a. the mother b. the father c. both parents d. chance b. The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called a. zygotes b. genes c. gametes d. autosomes d. Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's a. incomplete dominance b. phenotype c. genotype d. allele differentiation b. Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by _______ inheritance. a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked d. multifactorial b. The zygote divides and implants into the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation? a. fetal b. embryonic c. germinal d. terminal c. During which stage is an unborn baby most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and most at risk for miscarriage or spontaneous abortion? a. fetal b. embyronic c. germinal d. terminal b. Miscarriages are most commonly caused by a. sudden movements or jolts b. fear c. stress d. chromosomal abnormalities d. Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called a. blastocysts b. allergens c. teratogens d. toxinogens c. According to the text, approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy? a. 50-200 b. 300-500 c. 700-900 d. more than 1,000 b. Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with a. autism b. leukemia c. spina bifida d. sudden infant death syndrome c. During which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother? a. first trimester b. second trimester c. third trimester d. none of these; vulnerability stays the same throughout gestation a. Which of the following do doctors recommend about the use of alcohol during pregnancy? a. drinking is beneficial because it reduces stress b. women who drink less than a six-pack of beer a day are at little risk c. alcohol is not harmful if the woman has only two drinks a day d. alcohol should be avoided entirely throughout the whole pregnancy d. If a mother wanted to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would she most likely use? a. amniocentesis CONTINUED..