DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences | Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Updated 2023 | Guaranteed A+

DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences | Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Updated 2023 | Guaranteed A+ 1)What is the role of the central nervous system? 2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system? 1) To provide overall control of body function 2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What are the cells of the nervous system called? 2) What are they responsible for? 3) What is action potential? What happens during this? 4) How is this related to a synapse? 5) What is a synapse? 1) Neurons 2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to another 3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate. 4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a synapse. 5) A junction between two neurons. DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION: 1) Explain depolarization. 2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane? 3) What is the wave of polarization? 4) Explain repolarization. 5) How does this relate to local anesthetics? 1) The outside of a nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged. 2) Na+ ions 3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization. 4) After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or positively charged, again. 5) Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses. SYNAPSES: 1) What is a terminal button? 2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic? 3) What is a synaptic cleft? 4) What substance is this product dependent on? 5) What action does this substance have? 1) The bulge at the end of the nerve, that touches the next nerve. 2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active. 3) The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate with the next nerve. 4) Neurotransmitters 5) They enable transmission of the depolarization wave from one nerve onto the receptor sites of the next. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What is the central nervous system, and what does it consist of? 2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts) 1) It is the overall control center of the body, consists of the brain and the spinal cord. 2) Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem. CEREBRAL CORTEX: 1) How many parts does it have? 2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things) 1) 2 parts- paired cerebral hemispheres. 2) Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensation (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement. CORE OF THE BRAIN: 1) What is its main purpose? 2) What does one of the core's components do? 3) What can other important structures in the core do? 1) Impulses pass through the core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex. 2) It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex. 3) They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions. CEREBELLUM: 1) What is the purpose? 1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and coordination of movement. BRAINSTEM: 1) Where is this located? 2) What are the 3 parts of the brainstem? 3) What important control centers does it contain? 4) What else does it contain, and what does this do? 1) Between the brains core and the spinal cord (inferiorly). 2) midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata. 3) Autonomic (automatic) nervous system. 4) Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal. BRAINSTEM: 1) What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain? 2) What does the pons do? 3) What does the medulla do? 1) Pons and medulla. 2) It connects to the the cerebellum, and controls coordination and movement. 3) Contains centers which control blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory, and digestion. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What does this system consist of? 2) What are sensory nerves? 3) What are motor nerves? 4) What are the two main components of this system? 1) Nerves, which carry impulses away from the CNS to parts of the body, and carry impulses from the periphery back to the the CNS. 2) Nerves that bring messages from the environments back to the CNS (such as touch and pain). 3) Nerves that send out responses to a muscle, which initiates body movement. 4) The cranial and spinal nerves. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- Cranial Nerves 1) What are they? 2) What are the cranial nerves which are exclusively sensory? 3) Which nerve is both sensory and motor? 4) Which nerve is primarily a motor nerves? 5) Which nerve is a primary concern with local anesthesia? 1) Nerves that start at the base of the brain. 2) Optic nerve (sight), Olfactory nerve (smell), Auditory nerve (sound). 3) Trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to teeth and jaw, and has a motor branch which supplies the muscles of mastication. 4) Facial nerve, supplies motor fibers for facial expression such as smiling, frowning, etc. 5) Trigeminal nerve CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Mandible 1) What are the 3 branches of the nerve? 2) What nerves are anesthetized when working on the mandible? What is this injection called? 3) What areas does this affect? 1) Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular. 2) Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. Mandibular block. 3) Mandibular teeth, chin, lips, half of the tongue, and the floor of the mouth. CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Maxilla 1) If teeth are not infiltrated individually, what types of blocks can be used? 2) What do each of these nerves supply? 1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine, and nasopalatine. 2) Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What does this regulate? What is this regulation called? 2) What has this system also been called? 3) What are the two subdivisions of this system? 1) It adjusts functions of the organs to keep the body in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis. 2) Involuntary or automatic nervous system. 3) Sympathetic and parasympathetic. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System: 1) What does this system do? 2) What important thing does this system maintain? How does it do this? 3) What chemical does this system use to cause action? What is this a close relative of? 4) What are the effects of this system sometimes called? 1) It prepared the body for intense physical activity in response to stress. 2) The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasoconstrictor tone, which controls blood vessel diameter. 3) Norepinephrine, closely related to epinephrine or adrenaline. 4) Adrenergic. (adrenaline!) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System: 1) What are the two subgroups of this system? 2) What are the two sections of the second subgroup? 1) Alpha (vasoconstriction of arteries and veins) and Beta (big organs) 2) #1- Heart, increases heart rate and strength of contractions. #2 Lung, causes bronchodilation. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What does this system do? 2) What chemical does this system use? What are the actions of this system called? 3) What drugs do we use that counteracts this? 4) How does this system regulate blood press and heart rate? 5) What are these receptors called? 1) Creates a vegetative state, such as slowing the heart, increased salivary secretion, and increased digestion. 2)Acetylcholine. Cholinergic. 3) Glycopyrrolate or atropine. 4) Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the heart response to changes in pressure and adjust the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to regulate these. 5) Baroreceptors. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective: 1) What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect? 2) What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in? 3) What does ketamine do, and what does this affect? 4) What can anticholinergic drugs do, and how does it do this? What are some anticholinergic drugs? 1) They affect the vital centers in the medulla and the pons that are associated with the autonomic nervous center. 2) They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression. 3) This stimulates the vital centers and causes an increase in blood press and pulse. 4) They can reduce secretion of saliva, by counteracting parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine or glycopyrrolate. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective: 1) Why is epinephrine put into local anesthetics? 2) How are autonomic drugs, such as epinephrine, useful in medical or anesthetic emergencies? 3) How is epinephrine used? 4) How is ephedrine used? How are adrenergic drugs, such as labetalol used? 5) How are adrenergic drugs such as albuterol used? 1) It causes vasoconstriction, which decreases 'wash-out' of the anesthetic from the area, and helps control bleeding. 2) They can emulate or interfere with normal autonomic functions to help manage the emergency. 3) It is used in cardiac arrest to reestablish electrical conductivity in the heart by stimulating the adrenergic receptors. 4) It is used in the management of hypotension. Used in the management of hypertension. 5) To treat asthma and severe allergic attacks. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective: 1) How is atropine used in bradycardia? 2) What are the roles of the cholinergic receptors in the heart, which normally receive acetylcholine? 3) How does atropine affect this? 4) What does this do to treat bradycardia? 1) It counteracts the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the parasympathetic receptor sites in the heart. 2) To maintain the heart rate at a decreased heart level and keep it in check. 3) It blocks acetylcholine, which stops the parasympathetic 'braking' action of the heart. 4) It increases heart rate, which overcomes the bradycardia. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: 1) How much blood can the heart pump per minute? 2) What kind of muscle is the heart made of? Why is this special? 3) What is this ability called? 1) 5 quarts 2) Myocardium, it can contract on its own without stimulation by nerves. 3) Automaticity. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- UPPER CHAMBERS: 1) How many chambers does the heart have? 2) What are the upper chambers? 3)Where do they receive blood from? 4) Which one receives oxygen-rich blood? 1) 4. 2) The right and left atria. 3) The left atrium receives blood from the lung though the pulmonary vein. The right atrium receives blood from the body. 4) The left atrium. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LOWER CHAMBERS: 1) What are the lower chambers? Where do they receive their blood from? 2) What are the physical differences between these and the atria? 3) Where does the right ventricle send blood to? 4) Where does the left ventricle send blood to? 5) Which ventricle has the bigger job, which causes it to have the thickest wall of the 4 chambers? 1) The right and left ventricles. From the atria. 2) Ventricle chambers are larger and have thicker walls. 3) The right ventricle send blood to the lung to be oxygenated. 4) The left ventricle send blood to the body or peripheral circulation. 5) The left ventricle. VESSELS AND VALVES: 1) Which side of the heart is filled with oxygenated blood? 2) What 3 sources does the right atrium receive blood from? 3) What additional source is the only one that returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart? 4) What step is this in blood circulation? 1) The left side. 2) Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and from the heart via the Coronary Sinus. 3) Pulmonary vein, which comes directly from the lungs. 4) The first step. VESSELS AND VALVES: 1) What is the second step in blood circulation? 2) What valve does this pass through? 3) How much pressure does this require? 1) After the right atrium fills with blood, it contracts and forces blood into the right ventricle. 2) Tricuspid valve. 3) It is the lowest in the heart, has very little resistance. VESSELS AND VALVES: