PHLT 304 Test 2 Questions & Answers Graded A+

Night shift work is - Answer probably carcinogenic Positive associations have been found between night shift work and - Answer breast, colon and rectum cancers Night shift work is usually found in - Answer health care, manufacturing, retail, service sector, and transport industries Top sleep deprived country - Answer Japan Top 6 sleep deprived countries - Answer Japan, US, UK, Germany, Canada, Mexico What percent of Americans report getting less than seven hours of sleep a night? Less than six hours? - Answer 53%; 21% HRQoL - Answer health related quality of life T2DM - Answer type 2 diabetes mellitus CUDs - Answer Cardiovascular Disease Circadian Rhythm - Answer the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle Circadian Rhythms are: - Answer -cyclical -physical, mental, and behavioral changes that occur over each 24 hr period -governed by light and dark -biological clocks -composed of proteins in almost all tissues Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - Answer -a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms -controls production of melatonin -composed of approx. 20,000 nerve cells -located in the brain -receives direct input from the brain What can disrupt your circadian rhythm? - Answer -jet lag -night shift work Irregular circadian rhythms are linked to: - Answer -obesity -diabetes -depression When are DNA and other repair systems the most active? - Answer At night When are histamine levels the lowest? - Answer At night Your immune system us higher at night. T or F - Answer False T or F: More than half of Americans get insufficient sleep. - Answer True Effects of sleep loss: - Answer -changes in mood, memory, and cognition -increased risk of obesity Why does sleep loss increase your risk of obesity? - Answer Decreases Leptin- making you hungry and want carbs Changes amount of growth hormone- fat to muscle ratio Increases risk of type two diabetes Cardiovascular issues Depression A decrease in leptin means an - Answer increase in appetite. Changes in growth hormone due to sleep loss means a change in your - Answer fat to muscle ratio. A common cardiovascular issue we see linked to sleep loss is: - Answer hypertension (high blood pressure). An increase accident/injury rate is seen with - Answer sleep loss. How many deaths occurred due to sleep loss and medical errors? - Answer 98,000 Sleep loss accounts for ___________ of car accidents. - Answer 20% High economic costs due to sleep loss: - Answer $63 billion for employers $100 billion for sleep disorders Having good sleep hygiene includes: - Answer -going to bed at the same time everyday -creating a routine -not looking at devices before bed -having a dark quiet room when sleeping ________ ________ is the most disruptive light for sleep. - Answer Blue light _____ _______ is the weakest suppressor for melatonin, meaning it would be the best for a night light. - Answer Red light Exposure to bright light during the day boosts: - Answer -alertness -mood -helps w/sleep at night -reaction time Blue wavelengths are a ________________. - Answer powerful suppressor to melatonin. Sleep disorders effect more than ___________ Americans. - Answer 40 million Do people usually get asked about sleep when they go to the doctor? - Answer No. 60% of people don't. ____________ of people actually discuss sleep with their doctors. - Answer 20% Insomnia - Answer -recurring problems in falling or staying asleep (sleeplessness) -many possible relationships with other disorders Insomnia, which is chronic sleeplessness means: - Answer sleeplessness occurs at least three nights a week for a month. Immune system organs - Answer -Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, skin, various white blood cells, respiratory system, stomach and intestines Lymph nodes - Answer cells that recognize and eliminate invading cells Respiratory system - Answer cilia line the airway and move mucus and contaminants upward and out of the respiratory tract Skin - Answer forms the protective outer covering the external surfaces of the entire body, which creates a barrier against invading pathogens White blood cells - Answer attack pathogens Spleen - Answer assists the body in protecting itself against bacterial infections Stomach and Intestines - Answer stomach acid kills most harmful bacteria, antibodies secreted by the intestinal cells attack viruses and other pathogens that have landed in the intestinal tract Lymphatic system - Answer bone marrow, liver, thymus, lymphatic system spleen, lymph nodes, lymph channels, tonsils, and adenoids Two things that speed up immune response: - Answer -having had the disease before (memory) -vaccines Internal Threats that are an immune over reaction: - Answer -Autoimmune problems Internal threats that are an immune under reaction: - Answer Disease External Threats that are an immune over reaction: - Answer Allergic Reaction External threats that are an immune under reaction: - Answer Infections The immune system: - Answer functions to protect from pathogens and differentiate between self- and non-self. Functions to keep homeostasis Two systems of immunity - Answer innate and adaptive Adaptive immunity includes: - Answer humoral immunity (antibody mediated) and cell-mediated immunity Humoral immunity can also be called: - Answer antibody mediated immunity. Innate immunity - Answer -anatomic barriers (skin) -physiologic barriers (stomach acid) -phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy organisms -inflammation -natural killer cells -present from birth -first line of defense against infection -rapid -non-specific Inflammation (Innate) produces: - Answer produces antibacterial activity and stimulates phagocytes. Natural killer cells (Innate): - Answer cytotoxic action against tumor cells and some virus infected cells Adaptive Immunity: - Answer -also called acquired or specific -slower than innate -involves development of immunologic memory -specific to a particular foreign agent -antigens Immunologic memory is crucial to the success of a ________. - Answer Vaccine. Antigen: - Answer molecule on foreign body that provokes an immune response Humoral (antibody mediated) Immunity - Answer -primary defense against extracellular organisms -when b-lymphocytes (b-cells) encounter an organism, they recognize parts of the antigen on the surface -binding of an antigen to a b-cell triggers the cell to transfer into a plasma cell -plasma cells make antibodies that are specific for the antigen that initiated their production -plasma cells can make up to 2000 antibody molecules per second. Cell mediated Immunity - Answer -primarily involves T-lymphocytes (derives from bone marrow and undergo differentiation in the thymus). Types of T-cells: - Answer cytotoxic t cells helper t cells suppressor t cells Cytotoxic T cells - Answer A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells. Helper T cells (CD4 cells) - Answer enable T and B cells by secreting cytokines Supressor T Cells - Answer blocks the action of some other types of lymphocytes to keep the immune system from becoming over-active. (stops B and T cells) Cytokine - Answer protein that regulates the intensity and duration of immune response and mediate cell-to-cell communication Antibody Functions - Answer -neutralize bacterial toxins -neutralize viruses -attach to bacteria promoting phagocytosis -activate components involves in inflammatory response The five classes of antibodies are: - Answer IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD If immune cells encounter the same organism in the future: - Answer memory cells that were formed that first time stimulate a much faster response. Passive or Active Immunity: Natural- Infection Acquired- Vaccination Protection is longer. - Answer Active Immunity Passive or Active Immunity: Natural: Transfer In utero Acquired: infection of immunoglobulin Protection is short term. - Answer Passive Immunity Active Immunity - Answer After exposure to a foreign organism, immune cells produce antibodies and memory cells. -may occur following infection with organism -may also occur following vaccination -memory cells are formed= Long-term protection In active immunity _________ are formed, which means _____________ protection. - Answer memory cells; long term Passive Immunity - Answer Involves the transfer of preformed antibodies to an individual -ex. transfer of maternal antibodies to fetus in utero -ex. injection of an individual with preformed antibodies -Done when immunoglobulin product is available for that organism. -No memory cells are formed=short term protection In passive immunity, no ____________ are formed, which means ___________________, until antibodies are consumed/catabolized. - Answer memory cells; short term protection. Inflammation - Answer -body's response to injury, infection, and endogenous aliments -chronic in all chronic diseases -part of your innate immunity (non-specific, rapid early response) -vascular response Purpose of inflammation - Answer -neutralize or destroy foreign particles in the body -limit damage to tissues -prevent spread of infection or damage to other tissues How inflammation happens: - Answer -when activated, blood vessels dilate and blood flow increases which brings clotting factors, histamines, neutrophils, and phagocytes to the area. In inflammation, neutrophils: - Answer attack and kill foreign invaders. In inflammation, phagocytes: - Answer engulf invaders and debris In inflammation, clotting factors: - Answer help close the wound, making a matrix upon which scabs and skin may develop. Symptoms of inflammation - Answer warmth redness throbbing pain localized swelling loss of function All of the symptoms seen in inflammation are caused by: - Answer increased blood flow. Complications of Acute Inflammation - Answer abscesses Abscesses are: - Answer -compartmentalized infection leading to necrosis (tissue death) -causes ongoing tissue damage -may lead to sepsis- infection widespread through blood -must be lanced Sepsis - Answer -extreme response to an infection that triggers a chain reaction throughout the body -typically caused by blood borne infections that induce a wave of systemic inflammation -can have severe effects, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and death -acute inflammatory response -important cause of death in the US