PHLT 304 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Answers

what is one health? - Answer health of people is connected to health of animals, plants and shared environments approach to achieving optimal health for people and other organisms in environment leading factors causing decline of insect populations - Answer habitat change = mono cultures in agriculture, draining wetlands, soil loss pollution = pesticides and fertilizers biological factors = invasive species climate change what are ecosystem services? - Answer functions of natural systems that give humans value for free a framework for understanding human interactions with natural world examples of ecosystem services - Answer bees pollinate crops and wild plants rain/water cycle decomposition what is eutrophication? - Answer water body receives excessive nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that leads to overgrowth of algae that later die and decompose, depleting oxygen in water lack of oxygen kills aquatic animals what are problems caused by climate change? - Answer changing rain and snow patterns changes in animal migration and life cycles less snow and ice thawing permafrost more droughts and wildfires higher temperatures and more heat waves stronger storms damaged corals rising sea levels warmer oceans changes in plant life cycles food and water scarcity changes in geographic distribution or prevalence of disease what are the main causes of biodiversity loss? - Answer habitat destruction global warming over-exploitation pollution accidents/persecution non-native species lost 50% of wildlife in past 40 years what factors are affecting animal population - Answer habitat loss (urban development and agriculture) pollution (pesticides for non target species and fertilizers for eutrophication) animal over-exploitation (over fishing) biological factors (pathogens and introduced species) climate change what are the functions of the immune system? - Answer protect from pathogens differentiate between self and non-self homeostasis: role of the immune system in physiological contexts (interaction with bacterial microbiota or bone homeostasis) organs in the immune system - Answer lymph nodes respiratory system skin white blood cells spleen stomach and intestines parts of the lymphatic system - Answer thymus, lymphatic system, bone marrow, spleen, liver two systems of immunity - Answer innate and adaptive innate immune system - Answer present from birth first line of defense against infection non-specific anatomic barriers (skin) physiologic barriers (stomach acid) inflammation phagocytes natural killer cells rapid the process of inflammation and phagocytosis help move cells - Answer to sites of infection and engulf and clear microorganisms inflammation - Answer produces antibacterial activity adn stimulates phagocytosis phagocytes - Answer engulf and destroy ingested organisms natural killer cells - Answer cytotoxic action against tumor cells and some virus-infected cells adaptive immunity system - Answer acquired or specific immunity activation of immune cells and development of substances that eliminate infection and facilitate development of immunologic memory specific to a particular foreign agent antigen slow immunologic memory is crucial to - Answer the success of vaccines antigen - Answer molecule on foreign body that provokes immune response two types of adaptive immunity - Answer cell mediated and humoral cell-mediated immunity - Answer primarily involves T-cells t-cells - Answer derived from bone marrow and undergo differentiation in thymus cytokine - Answer proteins that regulate the intensity and duration immune response and mediate cell-to-cell communication types of T-cells - Answer cytotoxic t cells helper t cells suppressor t cells cytotoxic t cells - Answer destroy infected host cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells helper t cells - Answer enables Tc and B cells by secreting cytokines suppressor T cells - Answer blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to keep the immune system from becoming over-active humoral immunity - Answer antibody-mediated community primary defense against extracellular organisms when B cells encounter an organism they recognize parts of the antigens on the surface binding of antigens to B cell triggers the cell to transform into a plasma cell --> plasma cells make antibodies that are specific for the antigen that initiated their production epitope - Answer parts of the antigens on the surface of an extracellular organisms SMART - Answer Specific, Measurable, Attainable, relevant, time-bound specific - Answer where will it be done which requirements or limits do I have measurable - Answer how much/many how will I know I've accomplished it attainable - Answer is this goal realistic considering my personal or situational barriers, can I do this relevant - Answer is this worthwhile? will it meet my needs? time-bound - Answer by when will this be completed? circadian rhythms - Answer physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment cyclical biological clocks - Answer control cyclic responses composed of proteins in almost all tissyes SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - Answer overall master clock/controls body's overall biological clock 20k nerve cells controls production of melatonin located in brain receives direct input from eyes what can disrupt the circadian rhythm - Answer jet lag shift work irregular circadian rhythms linked to - Answer obesity diabetes depression circadian rhythms at night - Answer DNA and other repair systems histamine levels are lowest at night immune system lower at night IARC group 2a level of certainty - Answer higher level of certainty positive associations with breast, prostate, colon and rectum cancers the IARC asses uncertainty with - Answer quality of data available for each type of exposure and strength of evidence that the exposure causes cancer instead of just being associated with cancer the sleep wake cycle is govered by - Answer homeostasis adn circadian rhythms are there distinct sleep stages? - Answer no - fluctuate between REM and non-REM memory consolidation requires - Answer non-REM and REM sleep non-REM sleep is - Answer deep sleep that you need to fee refreshed in morning and occurs in longer periods during first half of night effects of sleep loss - Answer changes in mood, memory, cognition increased risk of obesity increased risk of type 2 diabetes cardiovascular issues aka HBP depression sleep loss leads to - Answer increased accident and injury car accidents loss of work or function at work high economic costs ($63 billion in employer costs and $100 billion for sleep disorders) blue wavelengths during day - Answer boost mood, attention, reaction time blue wavelengths at night - Answer powerful suppressor of melatonin red light - Answer weakest suppressor of melatonin best for night lights insomnia - Answer sleeplessness - going to sleep or staying asleep chronic = at least 3 nights per week for a month comorbid with depression and anxiety many possible relationships (chronic pain, illness, injury, stress, psychological issues, bad sleep hygiene what technologies are inspired by animals - Answer use of tilapia skin to treat burns birds to attack unwanted drones who play an important role in the functioning and stability of ecosystems? - Answer insects estimated current proportion of insect species is in decline - Answer 41% what is the natural greenhouse effect? - Answer sun -> solar radiation -> earth earth -> re-radiated heat -> more heat escapes into space atmosphere -> less re-emitted heat -> earth what is the human-enhanced greenhouse effect? - Answer less heat escapes into space more re-emitted hear and more re-radiated heat into atmosphere pollution can be - Answer natural or anthropogenic natural pollution - Answer not caused by humans volcanoes fires Anthropogenic Pollution - Answer caused by humans car emissions deforestation lymph nodes - immune system - Answer cells of the immune system that recognize and eliminate invading pathogens respiratory system - immune system - Answer cilia line the airway and move mucus and contaminants upward and out of the respiratory tract skin - immune system - Answer forms a effective barrier against invading pathogens white blood cells- immune system - Answer attack pathogens in the blood and other tissues of the body spleen - immune system - Answer assists the body in protecting itself against bacterial infections