STUDY TERMS FOR WGU INTEGRATED NATURAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH UPDATED Q&A 2023/2024

STUDY TERMS FOR WGU INTEGRATED NATURAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH UPDATED Q&A 2023/2024 MODULE 2: Forces and Energy--- Newton's 1st Law of Motion - CORRECT ANSWER-A body will remain at rest, or moving at constant velocity (speed) unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force. Newton's 2nd Law of Motion - CORRECT ANSWER-The force experienced by an object is proportional to its mass times the acceleration it experiences Newton's 3rd Law of Motion - CORRECT ANSWER-ACTION & REACTION -If two bodies exert a force on one another, the forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction Coulomb's Law of Electrical Force - CORRECT ANSWER--The force between 2 charged particles depends on the AMOUNT OF CHARGE & DISTANCE between them. -Force has a direct relationship with both charges. -Force has an inverse square relationship with DISTANCE. Potential Energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Measurement of electrical pressure that produces an electrical current; energy due to its shape or position; the potential to do the work Potential Energy Example - CORRECT ANSWER-An exercise band--when loose, it has zero potential energy, when stretched, it has potential energy. ELECTRICAL Potential Energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Electric potential energy per charge; the energy a source provides to each unit of charge (measured in Joules) ELECTRICAL Potential Energy Example - CORRECT ANSWER-Lightening in the form of clouds and the ground in a thunderstorm CHEMICAL Potential Energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Where energy is stored in molecular bonds such as food or gasoline GRAVITATIONAL Potential Energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Depends on MASS OF AN OBJECT, ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, AND HEIGHT OF AN OBJECT GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Examples - CORRECT ANSWER-*When water is pumped to the top of a water tower... *When one helicopter in the air has more potential than two helicopters on the ground even if all three have zero velocity (speed) How a change in mass of an object affects the GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY of that object: - CORRECT ANSWER--As the MASS of an object increases or decreases, the gravitational potential energy increases or decreases. *As the HEIGHT of an object increases its potential energy INCREASES. *As the ACCELERATION speeds due to gravity, its potential energy increases. Gravitational Potential Energy Summary - CORRECT ANSWER-*Increase in mass=Increase in GPE *Decrease in mass=Decrease in GPE *Increase in height=Increase in GPE *Decrease in height=Decrease in GPE KINETIC Energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy an object has due to its motion KINETIC ENERGY Example - CORRECT ANSWER-Anything in motion has kinetic energy Kinetic Energy Formula - CORRECT ANSWER-Kenetic Energy= (1/2)XMassXVelocity (squared) KINETIC Energy Summary - CORRECT ANSWER-*Kinetic energy=motion *Anything with motion or movement has kinetic energy. *Objects with greater SPEED has more kinetic energy. *Objects with greater MASS has more kinetic energy (visa versa) THERMAL Energy (a special case of kinetic energy) - CORRECT ANSWER-The energy an object has due to kinetic energy of atoms; molecules within a material THERMAL Energy Example - CORRECT ANSWER-*Heat from a coffee cup *Fire *Your home's furnace THERMAL Energy Summary - CORRECT ANSWER-*Special case of kinetic energy of atoms *Molecules within a material *The faster they move, the more THERMAL energy the molecule has Law of CONSERVATION of ENERGY - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form Gravitational Force - CORRECT ANSWER-The form of attraction between TWO OBJECTS with MASS Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation... - CORRECT ANSWER-States that between any 2 objects with mass there exists a gravitational force between them Newton's Law of Gravitation's formula... - CORRECT ANSWER-Newton's Law of Gravitation states that the gravitational force is equal to the gravitational constant times the mass of 1 object times the mass of the 2nd object, divided by the distance between them squared. Gravitational Force (GF)= Gravitational Constant (GC) X Mass of object #1 X Mass of object #2 / the Distance between the two objects-squared... - CORRECT ANSWER-The formula for finding Gravitational Force Gravitational Constant formula... - CORRECT ANSWER-GC= So...Gravitational Force states that... - CORRECT ANSWER-Increasing the mass=Increases GF; Increasing the distance=Decreases GF What happens if we increase the distance between two objects?... - CORRECT ANSWER-2 objects=a distance of 2 apart...so the force between two objects would give a denominator of 4. If we increase the distance to 4, the denominator becomes 16! In other words... - CORRECT ANSWER-...when the objects are a distance of 4 apart, its 25% of the force when the objects are a distance of 2 apart...(1/2)/2=1/4; (1/4)/2=1/16...since 1/4 is greater than 1/16 so as distance increases, force decreases Coulomb's Law of Electrical (Electrostatic) Force: Charge & Force... - CORRECT ANSWER-The force between two charged particles depends on the amount of charge and the distance between them; Force has a direct relationship w/ both charges; Force has an inverse square relationship with distance How the factors (charge and force) affect the strength of the force... - CORRECT ANSWER-Two positively charged particles will repel; Two negatively charged particles will repel; a positive and a negative charged particle will attract! Coulomb's Law of Electrical Force also states... - CORRECT ANSWER-Force increases with the strength of the charges! Direct (same) Relationship "copy cat" - CORRECT ANSWER-Two variables that do the same thing or change in the same way. If one INCREASES, the other increases; If one DECREASES, the other decreases Electrical Force and Charge... - CORRECT ANSWER-Two positively charged objects will repel; two negatively charged objects will repel; a positive and a negative will attract Inverse (opposite) Relationship... - CORRECT ANSWER-When two variables do the OPPOSITE thing. If one increases, the other decreases Inverse relationship between "gravitational force and distance"... - CORRECT ANSWER-Gravity decreases when distance increases; Gravity increases when distance decreases Inverse relationship between "electrical force and distance"... - CORRECT ANSWERElectrical force decreases when distance increases; Electrical force increases when distance decreases THE CLOSER THE OBJECT, the greater the FORCE! - CORRECT ANSWER-Just a side note... Gravitational Force Summary - CORRECT ANSWER-The more MASS= GREATER GF between them *The further objects are away from each other the SMALLER GF between them. +Mass=+GF; +Distance=less GF Gravitational Force & Mass - CORRECT ANSWER-Increasing the mass of an object will increase the GF. When distance is increased between the objects the GF is increased Strength of Gravitational Force FACTORS: - CORRECT ANSWER-Mass & Distance Inverse Square Law - CORRECT ANSWER-Physical quantity or strength is proportional to the SQUARED DISTANCE from FORCE Projectile Motion (form of gravity) - CORRECT ANSWER-An object PROJECTED VERTICALLY continues until GRAVITY PULLS IT DOWN! Inverse Square Law Fact - CORRECT ANSWER-Both Newton and Coulomb share this in their formulas (distance squared) Vectors (magnitude & direction; EF): - CORRECT ANSWER-In physics, quantities that have measure of both magnitude and direction; ELECTRICAL FORCE Examples of VECTORS: - CORRECT ANSWER-Velocity (speed); force; acceleration; momentum...all electrical force! Scalars (only magnitude; GF) - CORRECT ANSWER-In physics, quantities that do NOT have direction, ONLY magnitude...GRAVITATIONAL FORCE! Examples of SCALARS: - CORRECT ANSWER-Speed; pressure; mass; energy; temperature...all gravitational force! Some factors that affect the DIRECTION of electrical force... - CORRECT ANSWERWhether the objects are charged or not; spatial orientation; magnitude Similarities between Coulomb's Law and Newton's Law... - CORRECT ANSWER-They both follow the inverse squared law (distance squared denominator) Some differences between Coulomb's law and Newton's law... - CORRECT ANSWERCoulomb's law acts between objects with charge; Newton's Law acts between objects with mass; Newton's Law attracts; Coulomb's Law attracts AND repels! Magnetic "force" - CORRECT ANSWER-Attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles because of their MOTION. When does an object become "magnetic"? - CORRECT ANSWER-An object becomes magnetic when something has charged electrons that repel each other. Magnetic "field" (vector field): - CORRECT ANSWER-Moving charges create a magnetic field--A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electrical currents and magnetic materials; specified by both DIRECTION and MAGNITUDE; vector field Difference between MAGNETIC FORCE and ELECTRICAL FORCE... - CORRECT ANSWER-Electrical charges can be isolated or separated; Magnetic poles cannot be isolated What happens to charged particles in a magnetic field? - CORRECT ANSWER-The will move in a circular orbit! A flow measured by a current--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWERElectricity! Always has a North and South Pole--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWER-Magnets! Resistance measured in Ohms--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWERElectricity! Indicated with a compass--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWERMagnets! Opposites attract--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWER-Electricity AND magnets! Produced by charged particles that are spinning in the same direction but are not flowing from one atom to another--Electricity, magnets, or both? - CORRECT ANSWER-Electricity AND magnets! PROJECTILE Motion & Gravity Example - CORRECT ANSWER-Water from a water fountain; gravity pulls the water down after it shoots up through projectile motion Satellite (special case of Projectile Motion) - CORRECT ANSWER-An object in a stable orbit around a large astronomical body How an object becomes a satellite (through projectile motion AND escape velocity!)... - CORRECT ANSWER-*When an object orbits around another object at a constant speed *If an object has enough SPEED, it can escape the Earth's gravitational field rather than enter an orbit or falling back to the Earth's surface. The object is known as ESCAPE VELOCITY! Role of GRAVITY in the formation of SOLAR SYSTEMS & GALAXIES... - CORRECT ANSWER-*Gravity is responsible for the actual formation of our solar system! *Gravity makes particles in space attract each other eventually forming stars like our Sun and other planets! Nebula - CORRECT ANSWER-A cloud of gas and dust. Billions of years ago, our solar system was nothing but a cloud of gas and dust (nebula)! How Gravity creates spinning disks of material that form solar systems and galaxies... - CORRECT ANSWER-*Disks are formed by rotating systems of free particles bound to a CENTRAL object by GRAVITY! Spinning disks & Gravity Example - CORRECT ANSWER-Think of a pizza chef spinning a wad of dough to flatten it. The MOLECULES in the dough are all BOUND together by INTERMOLECULAR FORCE that PULL the dough molecules toward the CENTER! Intermolecular Force - CORRECT ANSWER-The forces which mediate INTERACTION between molecules, including forces of attraction or repulsion which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles...remember the pizza chef example Centrifugal Force - CORRECT ANSWER-An imaginary force but it still has an effect similar to a real force; IT PULLS OUTWARD! How objects in our SOLAR SYSTEM move... - CORRECT ANSWER-*Planets orbit the sun; Objects pulling toward each other keeps objects in space in place and controls their orbits and rotations...through GRAVITY! Why the same side of the MOON always FACES THE EARTH... - CORRECT ANSWER-Through Tidal Locking ( when an object's orbital period matches its rotational period) How TIDAL LOCKING causes the same side of the moon to always face the Earth... - CORRECT ANSWER-Tidal locking forces cause the Earth's gravitational force to cause the moon to have a slight egg shape allowing the Earth to grab onto one side more tightly than the other! FORMATION OF STARS: - CORRECT ANSWERThe Role of Gravity in the Formation of Stars... - CORRECT ANSWER-The mass of a star is a key predictor as to how it will evolve! Star Life Beginnings.... - CORRECT ANSWER-Stars are born within the clouds of dust and scattered throughout most galaxies! nebulae/nebula... - CORRECT ANSWER-Cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium gas, and plasma...DHHP (Darla has heavenly pizza) The Role of Nuclear Fusion in the creation of stars... - CORRECT ANSWER-As stars accumulate mass, they eventually generate enough pressure to burn hydrogen into HELIUM, aka nuclear fusion. Low Mass STARS...The smaller the star the longer they live! - CORRECT ANSWER- *Have low rates of fusion and can live billions and trillions of years! *Their mass is so low, they eventually run out of hydrogen at the core and don't have enough mass to generate enough pressure to FUSE HELIUM. They simply become a dead ball of helium in space! High Mass Stars...the larger the star, the faster they die! - CORRECT ANSWER-*Do not have much longevity! *The THERMAL PRESSURE in the star far exceeds GRAVITY'S ABILIITY to hold the star together and the outer layers of the star evaporate away as planetary nebula. This leaves behind a WHITE DWARF STAR! SUPER NOVA Star... - CORRECT ANSWER-A single super nova in the galaxy emits an energy comparable to the energy released by other hundreds of billions of stars in the galaxy COMBINED over the course of a few minutes to several weeks!! The LARGEST STARS in our galaxy (& the Super Nova)... - CORRECT ANSWER- *Have the abilities to fuse elements all the way up to IRON & NICKEL! At this point, FUSION consumes more energy than it releases, causing a drop in thermal pressure in a matter of seconds. Gravity PULLS the MASSIVE outer layers of the star toward the iron and nickel core causing the SUPER NOVA! Relationship between THERMAL ENERGY & GRAVITATIONAL FORCE in a STAR... - CORRECT ANSWER-Thermal energy exerts force OUTWARD FROM THE CENTER of the star; Gravity pushes it INWARD TO THE CENTER! Thermal Energy & Gravitational Force... - CORRECT ANSWER-Thermal energy=Force OUTWARD from the star; Force of gravity=INWARD PULL How a GRAVITATIONAL FIELD affects LIGHT... - CORRECT ANSWER-The light will curve; Einstein showed that even though gravity is the force between two objects that have mass, gravity CAN AFFECT MASSLESS PARTICLES as well