Test Bank For Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 18th Edition By Conrad Kottak

Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity, 18e (Kottak) Chapter 3 Applying Anthropology 1) Applied anthropology is A) the purely academic dimension of anthropology. B) the term used for all anthropological research programs. C) the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems. D) rarely possible, as anthropological studies are not practical in the "real world." E) not guided by anthropological theory. Answer: C Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) Which of the following does NOT illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do? A) working for or with international development agencies, such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development B) helping the Environmental Protection Agency address environmental problems C) borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology D) using the tools of medical anthropology to work as cultural interpreters in public health programs E) applying the tools of forensic anthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, and international organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, and terrorism Answer: C Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 1 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3) Why is ethnography one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist? A) It is valuable insider's data that can be routinely sold to multinational corporations and state agencies without the consent of the people studied. B) It provides a firsthand account of the day-to-day issues and challenges that the members of a given community face, as well as a sense of how those people think about and react to these issues. C) It produces a statistically unbiased summary of human responses to set stimuli. D) It is among the most economical and time-efficient tools that exist in the social sciences. E) It can be produced without leaving the comfort of the anthropologist's office. Answer: B Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do? A) They enter the affected communities and talk with people. B) They gather government statistics. C) They consult project managers. D) They consult government officials and other experts. E) They promote development. Answer: A Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of the old applied anthropology? A) anthropologists promoting the study of their field among university undergraduates B) anthropologists practicing participant observation and taking photographs of ritualistic behavior C) anthropologists' work on the contrasts between urban and rural communities D) anthropologists collaborating with nongovernmental organizations in the 1980s E) anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to colonists Answer: E Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 6) Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States? A) the Koreans and English B) the Yanomami and Betsileo C) the Malagasy D) the Germans and Japanese E) the Brazilians and Indonesians Answer: D Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7) The U.S. baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s A) fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology. B) promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s. C) brought anthropology into most high school curricula. D) produced a new interest in ethnic diversity. E) worked to shrink the world system. Answer: A Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists EXCEPT A) identifying the needs for change that local people perceive. B) working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change. C) placing the cultural values of local people above all others' cultural values. D) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them. E) working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to understand local thought and behavior. Answer: C Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 9) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, which type of development? A) ethical B) theoretical C) political D) economic E) scholastic Answer: D Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10) What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects? A) greater socioeconomic stratification B) ethnocide C) cultural assimilation D) decreased local autonomy E) increased equity Answer: E Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project in which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter? A) Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor. B) The fishing community became more egalitarian. C) There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership. D) The price of power fishing vessels decreased. E) Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 12) People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. For this reason, development projects are most likely to succeed when they avoid the fallacy of A) cultural relativism. B) ethnobias. C) overinnovation. D) underdifferentiation. E) intervention philosophy. Answer: C Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13) What term refers to the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they are? A) cultural relativism B) ethnobias C) overinnovation D) underdifferentiation E) intervention philosophy Answer: D Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14) Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A) promoting change, but not overinnovation. B) preserving local systems while working to make them better. C) respecting local traditions. D) drawing models of development from indigenous practices. E) developing strategies with little input from the local communities. Answer: E Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15) Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful? A) Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent- group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole. B) The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage. C) There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descent-group social organization. D) The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. E) The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16) The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance of A) the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so. B) replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop. C) replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones. D) breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development. E) the top-down strategies developed by the UN. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 17) In an example of applied anthropology's contribution to improving education, this chapter describes a study of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school (Hill- Burnett, 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study? A) Puerto Rican students came from a background that placed less value on education than did that of white students. B) The parents of Puerto Rican students did not value achievement. C) The Puerto Rican subjects benefited from the English-as-a-foreign-language program. D) Puerto Ricans do not benefit from bilingual education. E) The Puerto Rican students' education was being affected by their teachers' misconceptions. Answer: E Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18) Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the following EXCEPT A) indiscriminate assignment of nonnative English speakers to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems." B) tolerance of ethnic diversity. C) incorrect application of labels such as "learning impaired." D) sociolinguistic discrimination. E) ethnic stereotyping. Answer: B Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19) One of the stated goals of public anthropology is to A) oppose policies that promote injustice. B) refrain from discussion of social issues in the media. C) promote anthropology as a career, especially to minorities. D) encourage academic anthropologists to become applied anthropologists. E) restrict the publication of research papers to professional journals. Answer: A Topic: The work of public and applied anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the work of public and applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 20) Which of the following is NOT a feature of urban life? A) dispersed settlements B) high population density C) social heterogeneity D) economic differentiation E) geographic mobility Answer: A Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21) Which of the following best illustrates urban applied anthropologists' ability to help social groups deal with urban institutions? A) "culture at a distance" studies among Japanese and Germans in an attempt to predict the behavior of the enemies of the United States B) Kottak's comparative study of development projects from around the world C) Vigil's study of gang violence in the context of large-scale immigrant adaptation to U.S. cities D) anthropological analysis of the relation between Malagasy descent groups and the state E) analysis of differences between personalistic and naturalistic disease theories among the rural poor of the U.S. Answer: C Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22) Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is TRUE? A) It is the field that proved that people from rural areas suffer only from illnesses and not diseases. B) It applies non-Western health knowledge to a troubled industrialized medical system. C) Typically in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, this field does market research on the use of health products around the world. D) This field applies Western medicine to solving health problems around the world. E) This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness. Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 23) What is a disease? A) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected B) an artificial product of biomedicine C) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle D) an unnatural state of health E) a scientifically identified health threat Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24) What is an illness? A) a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real) B) an artificial product of biomedicine C) a scientifically described health threat D) a purely linguistic problem E) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25) Shamans and other magico-religious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind of disease theory? A) exotic B) ritualistic C) naturalistic D) personalistic E) scientific Answer: D Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 26) Which of the following best describes scientific medicine? A) the availability of free or low-cost health care for all B) a health care system that relies on advances in technology C) the practice of medicine in particular Western nations D) a tendency to overprescribe drugs and surgeries E) the beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with curing illness Answer: B Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27) What is microenculturation? A) a condition that exists in large, industrialized states, wherein most of the population has only a small amount of real culture B) the process whereby particular roles are learned within a limited social system (for example, a business) C) the process whereby enculturation is accomplished through advanced media technology D) the result of the meeting between foraging and tribal communities in less developed countries E) enculturation based on a focused interest; for example, reruns of a TV show like Star Trek Answer: B Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 28) Ethnographic study of the workplace A) provides evidence that economic factors are fundamental to understanding differential productivity. B) is routinely performed by employees of the U.S. federal government. C) is not very useful, because all workplaces are becoming increasingly homogeneous, compared to 20 years ago. D) provides close observation of workers and managers in their natural setting. E) is required of all organizations that want to become not-for-profit, according to the American Anthropological Association. Answer: D Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 29) This chapter's "Appreciating Diversity" account describes how McDonald's was able to succeed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Brazilian cultural patterns. This example illustrates A) how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies only in Western cultures. B) the danger of applied anthropology turning itself into a tool of capitalist interests, which always disregard the culture and well-being of the consumer. C) how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies not just to development projects but also to businesses, such as fast food. D) applied anthropology's capacity to help foreign markets adapt to a marketing strategy that must, above all costs, maintain the integrity of its brand. E) Brazilians' intolerance of foreign goods, because the companies that produce them disregard Brazilian tastes. Answer: C Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 30) Efforts to demonstrate the public policy relevance of anthropology are known as A) ethnography. B) underdifferentiation. C) public anthropology. D) development anthropology. E) cultural resource management. Answer: C Topic: The work of public and applied anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the work of public and applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31) Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two. Answer: FALSE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 32) Ethnography is one of applied anthropology's most valuable research tools, because it provides a firsthand account of the lives of ordinary people. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 33) During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German cultures. This chapter uses this example to illustrate the dangers of the old anthropology. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34) During the 1950s and 1960s, most American anthropologists were college professors. Answer: TRUE Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 35) Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship, as theory aids practice and application fuels theory. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 36) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, moral development. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 37) A commonly stated goal of recent development policy is to promote equity; that is, to reduce poverty and promote a more even distribution of wealth. Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 38) The Bahia, Brazil, development project in which loans were given to fishing-boat owners is an example of how some development projects can actually widen wealth disparities instead of increasing equity. Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39) The best strategy for change is to base the social design for innovation on traditional forms in each target area. Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 40) Fortunately for applied anthropologists eager to do effective international work, all governments are by their nature genuinely and realistically committed to improving the lives of their citizens. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 41) When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 42) Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than non- Hispanics did. Answer: TRUE Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43) Urban anthropologists research topics such as immigration, ethnicity, poverty, and class. Answer: TRUE Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44) The Samoan community living in Los Angeles has successfully used the matai system to deal with modern urban problems. Answer: TRUE Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 45) Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 46) An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 47) Biomedicine, which aims to link an illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of naturalistic medicine. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 48) Health care systems refers only to the nationalized health care services that exist in core industrial nations. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 49) Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 50) Non-Western medicine recognizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 51) Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 52) A bachelor's degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world. Answer: FALSE Topic: Anthropology in careers and occupations Learning Objective: Specify how people utilize anthropology degrees in careers and occupations. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 53) Define applied anthropology. What distinguishes the old from the new applied anthropology? What are some current examples that raise the question of whether or not new applied anthropology has completely moved on from the dangers of the old? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 54) Discuss the relevance of the ethnographic method for modern society, contemporary problems, and applied anthropology. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 55) What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subsection of anthropology? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 56) Identify government, international, and private organizations that concern themselves with socioeconomic change abroad and hire anthropologists to help meet their goals. Review their mission statements. Do they make reference to the dangers of underdifferentiation or overinnovation? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 57) What, if anything, is the difference between an anthropologist currently consulting on a development project in Indonesia and another one conducting research in support of the British colonial government's efforts to subdue African natives in the 1930s? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 58) There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help educators address their challenges? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 59) Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific and traditional medicine, being careful to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 60) How might a premedical student apply some of the knowledge learned through anthropology as a physician? What is the value of studying the curing and belief systems of patients' ethnic groups? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Anthropology in careers and occupations Learning Objective: Specify how people utilize anthropology degrees in careers and occupations. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 61) Discuss ethical dilemmas and possible solutions with respect to the kinds of applied anthropology discussed in this chapter. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 62) HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. How does culture play a role in HIV transmission? How might applied anthropology help in finding a solution to this problem? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology's subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity, 18e (Kottak) Chapter 6 Human Variation and Adaptation 1) Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is TRUE? A) It is a discredited concept in biology. B) It is based on the Western science of genetics. C) It is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles. D) It does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups. E) It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neander Valley in Germany. Answer: A Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) Recent DNA analysis of Australian Aborigines has revealed that their ancestors branched off from ancestral Europeans and Asians 70,000 to 50,000 years ago. This research indicates A) Australian Aborigines developed a dark skin color independently from Africans. B) Australian Aborigines are direct descendants of the first modern humans to leave Africa. C) aboriginal Australians have a more recent population history than Europeans. D) Australian Aborigines maintained regular contact with people from other continents. E) ancestral Australian Aborigines had cultural but not genetic isolation. Answer: B Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3) Which of the following statements about attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories, purportedly based on common ancestry, is TRUE? A) They are applied to endogamous breeding populations. B) They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics. C) They are based on global racial categories that vary little from one society to another. D) They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization. E) They are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume they are based in biology. Answer: E Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 1 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4) What is the term for a gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations? A) cline B) genotype C) phenotype D) cluster E) allele Answer: A Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) Recall the mechanisms of genetic evolution discussed in the previous chapter. What is the relationship between gene flow and the existence of clines between human populations? A) Gene flow increases the genetic isolation of neighboring groups, resulting in discrete genetic differences in the population, instead of clines. B) There is no relationship between gene flow and clines. C) Gene flow, the exchange of genetic material across populations, results in clines, which are gradual shifts in gene frequencies between neighboring groups. D) Clines accelerate gene flow and genetic change due to chance. E) Gene flow causes abrupt differences in gene frequencies between neighboring groups. Answer: C Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6) In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because A) although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep. B) human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that of dogs and roses. C) human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups. D) they are politically incorrect. E) humans are less genetically predictable than animals and plants susceptible to domestication. Answer: C Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7) What term refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"? A) manifest destiny B) genotype C) biological circumscription D) phenotype E) hereditary inequality Answer: D Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world would indicate that A) all cultures classify races similarly. B) the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process. C) classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits. D) classifying racial types can best be done by considering only genotype. E) the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype. Answer: B Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9) In understanding the problems with attempts at human racial classification, why is it important to know the difference between genotype and phenotype? A) The phenotypic traits typically used to classify humans into races go together as genetic units. B) Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis. C) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles. D) Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time. E) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways. Answer: E Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10) In the early twentieth century, anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form 3 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America. He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings underscore the fact that A) phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. B) though the environment influences phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences. C) diet affects which genes get turned off and which on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic. D) describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations. E) observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in genotype and phenotype. Answer: A Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remained stable over many generations. We now know that A) skin color is actually determined throughout child development. B) skin color is determined by sun exposure and the amount of melanin in our diets. C) a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges. D) skin color is determined by a single gene that is prone to mutations over many generations. E) a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both common ancestry and natural selection. Answer: C Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 12) Which of the following is the best plan of action for a light-skinned woman of childbearing age living in the tropics and concerned about giving birth to a child with neural tube defects (NTDs)? A) using a tanning booth to give her skin accelerated protection against the sun B) taking vitamin D supplements C) drinking plenty of fluids to boost her body's ability to regulate its own temperature D) doing nothing, since a woman's chance of giving birth to a child with NTDs is genetically determined E) taking folic acid/folate supplements and protecting herself against the sun with sunscreen, clothing, and shelter Answer: E Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13) East Asians who have migrated recently from India and Pakistan to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population. This illustrates that A) natural selection continues today. B) genetic adaptation of environmental stressors can occur within one generation. C) cultural adaptation provides effective shortcuts to the genetically disadvantaged in a foreign environment. D) because of global warming, the lack of sunlight that people are exposed to in these northern regions is made up for by the intensity of the sunlight. E) natural selection's role in determining skin color is a thing of the past, relevant only prior to the sixteenth century when massive migrations of populations altered the geographic distribution of dark-skinned people. Answer: A Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 14) Which of the following statements about human skin color is FALSE? A) Skin color varies because of differences in ultraviolet radiation between different regions of the world. B) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's production of vitamin D. C) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose. D) Light skin is a selective advantage outside the tropics because it admits ultraviolet radiation that causes the body to manufacture vitamin D, helping to prevent rickets and osteoporosis. E) Light skin is a selective disadvantage in the tropics because it is more susceptible to the destruction of the folate that is needed to produce folic acid, which protects against neural tube defects in human embryos. Answer: C Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15) The explanations given in this chapter for the differences in and distribution of skin color in populations around the world are examples of A) punctuated equilibrium. B) the social construction of so-called scientific categories. C) attempts at classifying human groups into clines. D) explanatory approaches to human biological diversity. E) how having a political interest in justifying racial policies interferes with objective science. Answer: D Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16) Which of the following is the best example of how diseases have been powerful selective agents for humans, particularly before the arrival of modern medicine? A) Smallpox, which appeared after people and animals started living together, has worked as a selective agent against people with sickle-cell anemia. B) Blood type A individuals are more prone to stomach and cervical cancer. Since these diseases usually occur after reproduction has ended, they are particularly powerful agents in adaptation and evolution through natural selection. C) Blood type O will soon become something of the past, since it does not confer an advantage to any disease. D) Smallpox, which appeared after people and animals started living together, has worked as a selective agent for people with blood types B and O who have an ability to produce antibodies against smallpox. E) Diseases no longer work as powerful selective agents for humans, thanks to the widespread availability of modern medicine. Answer: D Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17) What does the relationship between genetic traits and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and smallpox illustrate? A) how with technology, human biology is less important to human survival B) the shortcomings of research that focuses on environmental variability but ignores genetics C) how despite some evidence to the contrary, some human races are better than others D) the mechanisms of hominid evolution E) the ways in which human biological diversity reflects adaptation to such environmental stresses as disease, diet, and climate Answer: E Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 18) Bergmann's rule states that average body size tends to A) decrease at high elevations and increase in low ones. B) increase in cold climates and decrease in hot ones. C) decrease in cold climates and increase in hot ones. D) decrease at low elevations and increase in high ones. E) decrease where the air is thinner and increase where it is thicker. Answer: B Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19) According to Allen's rule, the relative size of protruding body parts, including limbs, ears, tails, fingers, and toes A) decreases with temperature. B) increases with altitude. C) decreases with altitude. D) increases with temperature. E) increases with humidity. Answer: D Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20) What is a phenotypic adaptation, and what makes it possible? A) It is a genotypic adaptation that is expressed in the phenotype. It is made possible by the close relationship between our manifest biology and our genes. B) It occurs when genetic changes take place during an individual's lifetime. It is made possible by human genetic plasticity, our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow. C) It is a phenotypic adaptation made possible by culture's power over biology. D) It happens when adaptive changes occur during an individual's lifetime. It is made possible by human biological plasticity, our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow. E) It is a biological adaptation that occurs during an individual's lifetime and, if critical enough to survival, will actually modify the genotype. Answer: D Topic: The role of phenotypic adaptation Learning Objective: Recall the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its relationship to genetic adaptation organized through natural selection. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21) Genes and phenotypic adaptation work together to produce a biochemical difference between 8 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. human groups in the ability to digest large amounts of milk. This is an adaptive advantage when A) herding societies shift to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. B) mothers cannot wean their children from breast milk after they turn one year old. C) other foods are scarce and milk is available, as it is in herding societies. D) there is not enough lactose in the diet. E) lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose, is not produced in enough quantities to keep up with dietary intake. Answer: C Topic: The role of phenotypic adaptation Learning Objective: Recall the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its relationship to genetic adaptation organized through natural selection. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22) According to contemporary scientists, racial distinctions are based on A) culture. B) shared blood. C) genetics. D) biological classifications. E) human breeds. Answer: A Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23) Human biological differences are evident only to individuals who wrongfully sustain the validity of human races. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24) Historically, scientists have approached the study of human biological diversity in two main ways: racial classification (now largely abandoned), and the current explanatory approach, which focuses on understanding specific differences. Answer: TRUE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25) Biological races have been scientifically discredited in their application not just to humans 9 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. but to all living species. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26) Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks distinct races because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups. Answer: TRUE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27) Biologists have rejected the idea of three great races (white, black, and yellow) largely because it fails to account for Native Americans. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 28) The only chance for human racial classification schemes to work is to shift from using phenotypic to genotypic characteristics of human populations. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 29) Physical features cluster into discrete genetic units. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 30) Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31) There is much greater variation within each of the traditional so-called races than between them. Answer: TRUE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 32) The role of natural selection in producing variation in human skin color illustrates the explanatory approach to explaining human biological diversity. Answer: TRUE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 33) Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D. This confers an adaptive advantage in environments with excessive sun exposure. Answer: TRUE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34) Rickets is caused by an overabundance of vitamin D in the body. Answer: FALSE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 35) The indigenous communities in the tropical regions of the Americas are not as dark skinned as populations living in other tropical regions, because the dense vegetation in this continent blocks out much of the sunlight. Answer: FALSE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 36) Native Australians are closer genetically to tropical Africans than they are to Asians. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 37) Skin color is a simple biological trait that is influenced by one gene and environmental exposure to sunlight. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 38) One of the selective advantages of dark skin color in the tropics is that it reduces the susceptibility to folate destruction and therefore diminishes the likelihood of neural tube defects among human embryos. Folate is also necessary in men in order to maintain normal sperm production. Answer: TRUE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39) In the case of skin color, natural selection is no longer active today, thanks to human cultural adaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environment one lives in. Answer: FALSE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 40) Thanks to medical advances, genetic resistance to diseases no longer confers any selective advantage. Answer: FALSE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 41) According to Thomson's nose rule, longer noses are more adaptive to colder climates than shorter ones. Answer: TRUE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 42) Allen's rule states that protruding body parts grow shorter as temperature increases. Answer: FALSE Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43) This chapter's discussion of lactose tolerance highlights how genes and phenotypic adaptation can work together to produce human biological diversity. Answer: TRUE Topic: The role of phenotypic adaptation Learning Objective: Recall the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its relationship to genetic adaptation organized through natural selection. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44) According to the AAA statement on race, inequalities among racial groups are the consequence of biological inheritance. Answer: FALSE Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 45) How does the concept of race used by anthropologists today differ from the concept used by early biologists? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 46) Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept, anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variations. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The concept of race in human biology Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology, including ways in which race fails to account for human genetic variation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 47) Populations in equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea are phenotypically similar. They are both dark skinned, with similar hair and facial features. How would a typical racial model explain these similarities? How would evolutionary biology's explanation differ? Which model does a better job of explaining such data? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Human biological variation and natural selection Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changi