Queen's PSYC 100 - Exam 1 Questions & Answers

Structuralism is to __________ as functionalism is to __________. - Answer Elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness Is Psychology most closely related to: - Answer Biology Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both Helmholtz and Fechner contributed to the beginning of: - Answer psychophysics The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____________________ of behaviour. - Answer Functions Psychology arose in the nineteenth century from developments in a number of areas, primarily: - Answer Science and philosophy Only __________ involve the manipulation of independent variables - Answer Experiments The first step of the scientific method specifies that a researcher - Answer formulate a hypothesis A researcher has two groups of subjects- one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable? - Answer whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid Mean is to __________ as standard deviation is to __________. - Answer central tendency; variability In psychological research, the term generalization refers to - Answer concluding that the results obtained from a sample can also be applied to the larger population Inferential statistics are useful in telling researchers whether the results of their experiments are - Answer due to chance Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because sexual reproduction: - Answer leads to genetic diversity, which is adaptive Intelligence has a heritability estimate of .50 in a North-American Caucasian population. This means that: - Answer On average, about 50% of the variance in intelligence in a group of Caucasian-Canadians can be explained by genetic inheritance. An organism's phenotype is the result of: - Answer the influence of environmental influences and experiences Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by - Answer Reciprocal altruism Most traits and disorders are caused by: - Answer multiple genes and the environment Extinction would happen most rapidly following which reinforcement schedule? - Answer Fixed-ratio, every response reinforced People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while asleep. This is an example of: - Answer habituation To what is the tendency of the CS to elicit a CR related? - Answer The number of times the US has elicited the CR ______ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior: - Answer Classical Conditioning Which schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in gambling? - Answer variable ratio Which of the following is FALSE about brain plasticity? a) Early-life stress can produce physical changes in the brain b) After childhood, the functional organization of the human brain is unchangeable c) All learning and memory requires a physical change in the brain d) The environmental richness of the environment in which they grow up is positively correlated with the structural complexity and size of rats' brains - Answer After childhood, the functional organization of the human brain is unchangeable Which of the following is NOT true? a) The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in movement and in types of learning and memory b) The brainstem and hypothalamus are both important for controlling functions involved in survival like eating and sleeping c) All sensory information is relayed to the brain via the hypothalamus d) The limbic system is important for memory, motivation and emotion - Answer All sensory information is relayed to the brain via the hypothalamus After being in a car accident, Geoff began having problems concentrating, and paying attention to things. His wife noticed that this normally tidy man was messy and disorganized, and a colleague at work recently complained that Geoff behaved inappropriately towards her. Which of the following lobes of the brain was most likely damaged? - Answer frontal Broca and Wernicke's aphasia can be distinguished because Broca's involves the _____area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech __________whereas Wernicke's involves the ______ area and results in difficulty with speech ____________. - Answer frontal , production; temporal/parietal, comprehension Which of the following is TRUE about hemispheric specialization? - Answer The left hemisphere is generally specialized for language function, while the right hemisphere seems to be better at appreciating spatial relationships among objects Which of the following would not be classified as a subcortical structure of the brain? a) the medulla b) the brainstem c) the amygdala d) the cerebral cortex - Answer the cerebral cortex Neurons communicate... - Answer Electrically within a neuron and chemically between neurons The CNS is made up of two general classes of cells: - Answer neurons and glia Grace was out on a crowded dance floor when the person dancing next to her accidentally kicked her in the leg. Which type of neuron carried the pain information from her leg to her central nervous system? - Answer Sensory neurons Dendrites on neurons do ________; they do not _________: - Answer collect excitatory and inhibitory potentials; transmit action potentials The spinal reflex arc is: - Answer controlled entirely at the level of the spinal cord Which of the following is NOT a reason why we sleep? a) Allows us to conserve energy when we are not engaged in survival-relevant behavior b) Allows the brain to consolidate memories through reactivation c) Allows us to avoid harm during the hours of darkness d) Allows the body to build muscle spindles - Answer Allows the body to build muscle spindles Which of the following is TRUE about visual search tasks? a) Search is always conducted in parallel b) Search is serial for conjunctions of features, but parallel for single features c) Search is always conducted in serial d) Search is parallel for conjunctions of features, but serial for single features - Answer Search is serial for conjunctions of features, but parallel for single features As you fall asleep, how do your EEG wave patterns change as you go from being alert, to being relaxed, to being deep asleep? - Answer beta waves, alpha waves, delta waves Which of the following most convincingly demonstrates contingency? - Answer whenever a family member walks into the room, the brain-damaged patient moves their left foot, and they don't move it very much at other times Evidence for the theory that sleep helps us to consolidate memories comes from research indicating that - Answer cells in the hippocampus are activated during learning and again during sleep As sleep cycles progress over the course of an average night, the amount of time spent in REM sleep: - Answer Increases