Opioid Overdose 2023 Exam 3 Graded A+

Opioid Epidemic - ANSWER--- 78 people die everyday from opioid overdose in the US -- 60% of drug overdose death involves opioids -- 50% of all opioid deaths involve a prescription -- Midwest had an increase opioid ODs in 2017 -- Sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (synthetics) other than methadone What are the opiates? - ANSWER-Naturals Morphine and Codeine What are the synthetic opioids? - ANSWER--- Heroin -- Hydrocodone -- Hydromorphone -- Oxycodone -- Fentanyl -- Methadone -- Loperamide What are the opioid antagonists? - ANSWER--- Naloxone -- Naltrexone -- Nalmefene What are the pharmacological actions of opioids? - ANSWER-Involve many organ systems (CNS, PNS, CVS, RS, GI) and cause characteristic clinical effects Goals: sedation and analgesia What are the opioid receptors and their effects? - ANSWER-(1) mu-receptors: analgesia, sedation, miosis, respiratory depression, cough suppression, euphoria, decreased GI motility (2) kappa-receptors: analgesia, sedation, decrease intestinal motility, dysphoria, hallucinations (3) delta-receptors: analgesia, some antidepressant effect, dysphoria, supra-spinal and spinal analgesia What is opioid overdose? - ANSWER-When too much of an opioid fits in too many receptors stopping the person's breathing What are the signs of opioid toxicity? - ANSWER-Toxic effects of opioids are rare when they are used in appropriate doses -- Drowsiness that does not improve