BBH 315 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions

Gender socialization and risk taking from module 1 review (expectations) correct answer: -Literature shows nearly all socialization agents for children express different expectations for children based on sex -gendered socialization therefore affects children's behaviors Changes in prefrontal cortex prior to puberty correct answer: prefrontal cortex grows just before puberty -controls planning, working memory, organization, and modulates mood -as it matures, people reason better, develop impulse control, make more informed decisions what does prefrontal cortex control? correct answer: planning, working memory, organization, modulates mood pruning relate to synapses correct answer: -baby's brain overproduces synapses, so does child's in pre-puberty (11 in girls, 12 in boys) -at both times, brain overproduces and then begins to cut back (prune) in order to strengthen brain and consolidate learning -SECOND ROUND: eliminating inefficient cells -"lose it" principle= peoples' experiences lead to some synapses being kept and others being pruned in adolescence, children develop ability to... correct answer: -understand abstract ideas (math) and develop sense or morality (rights, responsibilities) -establish and maintain relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited -move toward more mature sense of self -question old values without losing identity -use speech to express one's self *development of children 12-18 includes predictable physical and mental changes* physical changes in adolescence BOYS correct answer: BOYS: testicles and scrotum grows as early as 9 -penis begins to lengthen -voice changes -nocturnal emissions marks beginnings of puberty (age 13-17, avg is 14.5, coincide with growth spurt) physical changes GIRLS correct answer: GIRLS: breast buds developing as early as 8; fully develop 12-18 -pubic, armpit hair begins around age 9-10; reach adult patterns 13-14 -menarche begins 2 years after early breast and pubic hair appear (early as 10, late as 15...avg is 12.5) -height spurt 9.5-14.5, peak around 12 mental changes in adolescence (behavior, safety, sexuality) correct answer: behavior: physical changes lead to worries about body changes (comparing with others), peers become more important than parents safety: feelings of strength, independence, need for peer approval lead to risk-taking sexuality: increased interest in sexual topics (establish own sexual identity), experiment with expressing and receiving sexual advances -power struggle with parents how changes in adolescence lead to risk taking correct answer: immature frontal cortex -mortality rates jump between early/late adolescence -mortality rates due to accidents are 6x more for ages 15-19 -crime rates highest among young males -behaviors shaped by genes, childhood experiences, environmental factors brain grows to adult maturity by age... correct answer: early 20's parts of brain cortex mature at different times correct answer: -sensory processing mature first -impulse control and planning mature last -intellectual power of adolescent is match for adults trends related to alcohol consumption in high school over past 20 years correct answer: drinkers: 3/4 12th graders, 2/3 10th graders, 2/5 8th graders binge drinkers: 29% of 12th graders, 22% of 10th graders, 11% of 8th graders average start: 14 trends (problems) with early drinking and deaths related to drinking correct answer: drinking before age 15 is 4x more likely to be alcohol dependent during lives than people who do not -5,000 people under age 21 die each year due to drinking (1900 from car crashes, 1600 homicide, 300 suicide, falls, burns, drowning) BAC legal limit and gender differences correct answer: .08% is legal limit for operating motor vehicle -more drinks for men than women because it takes less alcohol consumption for women to get intoxicated bc of size and how