Praxis TESOL 0361 - Ch. 3 Sec. IV A, B 2023 updated & verified with complete solutions

What are some examples of cultural norms that affect communication? Gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education Why is it important for language learners to also learn the cultural norms associated with a language? ...It's important so that ELL can function and contribute to the dominant culture without fear of alienation or exclusion. To avoid isolation within their own culture. How do cultures vary in terms of norms concerning eye contact? Some cultures expect direct eye contact and see that as confidence, other cultures value not making eye contact and see that as a sign of respect. How does the student-teacher relationship vary between cultures, and what kinds of misunderstandings might the differences create? ...The student-teacher relationship varies in terms of familiarity and respect. The differences might cause students to participate less, be more reserved, keep a bigger distance. Our culture values participation and more familiarity between students and teachers. What are the primary differences between individualist cultures and collectivist cultures? ..Traits of Collectivism : Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society as a whole rather than themselves. The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the individual. Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness. Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each other. as a community, family or nation more than as an individual. Traits of Individualism "I" identity. Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement. Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt to ensure self-importance and individualism. Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other citizens or communities than in collectivism. Relying or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful or weak. People are encouraged to do things on their own; to rely on themselves What is one example of nonverbal behavior that differs from one culture to another related to demonstrations of respect? Eye contact, physical greetings (handshake, hug, etc.) touching of the head What are some approaches to learning that may vary from one culture to another? ...Cooperative learning vs. individual learning, teacher centered vs student centered teacher, discovery-based (inquiry) learning vs. explicit instruction, How might different experiences with prior schooling affect an ELL's academic success in a new country? ...Content knowledge transfers; if students are already literate in their first language it's easier to learn to read in a second language; they understand the structure of school already; What is one example of a cultural expectation that explains why teachers may approach teaching differently in two different cultures? ...expecting eye contact from a student who comes from a country where that would be considered rude - so teachers would have different expectations. Another might be allowing students from collectivist societies to work together, rather than complete projects alone. Gender- allowing girls to work with girls, etc. What is one way that a student's behavior varies from one culture to another? ...Eye contact, social skills, parent expectations, teacher expectations, raising hand vs. shouting out, freedom vs. asking permission. What are some ways in which a teacher could incorporate aspects of diverse cultures into a lesson? Include literature from that culture, use art from different cultures, have students share stories/experiences from their culture, invite parents to come in, celebrate holidays, How could a teacher help build positive relationships between students from different cultural backgrounds? Cultural nights at school, learn about other cultures within the content, display information, art, etc. about different cultures in the building/classroom, parents as teachers, show respect and value other cultures, languages. What are some potential effects of stereotyping on students? ...Poor self-esteem, lack of confidence, might choose to discontinue schooling, isolation, academic hindrance, unrealistic expectations, kids live up to stereotype, What are some ways that a teacher could introduce a discussion about the negative effects of stereotyping? ...literature, role-playing, puppets, personalize/empathize, Why is it important for ESOL teachers to serve as role models for other teachers regarding their interaction with ELLs? ...Other teachers aren't aware, they just need information and education, in order to effectively educate all their students. How might a teacher help an ELL who becomes frustrated when learning English? give more time, scaffolding of lessons, provide more background information, positive feedback, support such as cloze sentences, etc. acknowledge the Silent Period. How does the role of family vary between cultures, and how might that affect language acquisition? Some families want students to learn English and not use their first language anymore, so they encourage English language use. Others are reluctant or challenged in learning English, and afraid they will "lose" their children if they speak English, so they discourage English language acquisition..., others are encouraging of acquiring and maintaining both languages... What might a teacher do to ensure that a student from a country at war feels supported in the classroom? ...Create safe environment, prep students for drills, encourage them to express themselves (verbally, written, or drawings), give them a buddy, routines and expectations What is one type of extra support that could assist ELLs who have experienced previous traumatic events in their lives, such as family separation or life as a refugee? ...prep them for drills, meet beforehand, communication, conversations, prep, How can a teacher effectively work with a newly arrived ELL who does not view formal education as a priority? ...allow authentic experiences to use their knowledge, academic successes, provide knowledge and information and experiences, What is one strategy a teacher could use to work with ELLs whose views on gender roles in their culture heavily affect their educational experiences? ...show respect for their culture while still providing information, knowledge and experience,