Unit 5 Patho MN551, Unit 4 Patho, Unit3Patho, Unit2 MN551 patho, Unit 1 MN 551 Patho

Unit 5 Patho MN551, Unit 4 Patho, Unit3Patho, Unit2 MN551 patho, Unit 1 MN 551 Patho Which of the following individuals would be considered to be at risk for the development of edema? - ANSWER An 81-year-old man with right-sided heart failure and hypothyroidism The family of a 68-year-old man who is in the end stages of small cell lung cancer is distraught at his visible body wasting that has worsened in recent weeks. Which of the following phenomena best accounts for the patient's anorexia and cachexia? - ANSWER Products of the tumor itself as well as a hypermetabolic state cause cachexia Which of the following statements best conveys an aspect of the respiratory pressures that govern ventilation? Question options: - ANSWER Negative intrapleural pressure holds the lungs against the chest wall Increased thrombopoietin levels - ANSWER Following a course of measles, a 5- year-old girl developed scattered bruising over numerous body surfaces and was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). As part of her diagnostic workup, blood work was performed. Which of the following results is most likely to be considered unexpected by the health care team? Which of the following situations related to the transition from fetal to perinatal circulation would be most likely to necessitate medical intervention? - ANSWER Pulmonary vascular resistance, related to muscle regression in the pulmonary arteries, rises over the course of the infant's first week. At which of the following locations in the nephron would a nurse practitioner first expect blood to be largely free of plasma proteins? - ANSWER Bowman Space A 51-year-old female patient who is 2 days postoperative on a surgical unit of a hospital is at risk for developing atelectasis as a result of being largely immobile. Which of the following teaching points by her nurse practitioner is most appropriate? Question options: - ANSWER "You should breathe deeply and cough to help your lungs expand as much as possible while you're in bed." A 66-year-old patient's echocardiogram reveals a hypertrophied left ventricle, normal chamber volume, and a normal ejection fraction from the heart. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis? - ANSWER Aortic valve stenosis "Stem cells can be used as a source of reserve cells for the entire blood production system." - ANSWER A couple who are expecting their first child have been advised by friends to consider harvesting umbilical cord blood in order to have a future source of stem cells. The couple have approached their nurse practitioner with this request and are seeking clarification of exactly why stem cells are valuable and what they might expect to gain from harvesting them. How can the nurse practitioner best respond to the couple's inquiry? A child possesses a trait that is the result of the interaction of two different genes, neither of which could have produced the trait independently. Which of the following explanations best captures the genetic explanation for this? - ANSWER The outcome is the result of the interaction between collaborative genes. A 55-year-old man has made an appointment to see his nurse practitioner because he has been awakening three to four times nightly to void and often has a sudden need to void with little warning during the day. What is the man's most likely diagnosis and possible underlying pathophysiologic problem? - ANSWER Overactive bladder that may result from both neurogenic and myogenic sources As a result of dehydration, a patient's epithelial cells are producing insufficient amounts of mucus. Consequently, the patient's mucociliary blanket is compromised. Which of the following changes would a care provider most reasonably anticipate as a direct result of this change? - ANSWER Increased amounts of bacteria in the lungs. The primary role of the mucociliary blanket is to trap foreign particles and bacteria and thus prevent their entry into the lungs. The impaired ciliary function may result in an inadequate mucociliary blanket, but the opposite relationship is unlikely. Decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide levels may eventually result, but not as a direct or immediate consequence. An 81-year-old female patient of a long-term care facility has a history of congestive heart failure. The nurse practitioner caring for the patient has positioned her sitting up at an angle in bed and is observing her jugular venous distention. Why is jugular venous distention a useful indicator for the assessment of the patient's condition? - ANSWER Blood backs up into the jugular vein because there are no valves at the point of entry into the heart. Bacterial - ANSWER Sputum samples from a patient with pneumonia contain an infective agent that has a peptidoglycan cell wall, expresses endotoxins, replicates readily in broth and on agar, grows in clusters, has pili, and does not stain when exposed to crystal violet. This pneumonia is most likely: A 45-year-old patient who experienced exposure to radiation during an industrial accident several years prior is being assessed. Which of the following phenomena may underlie the genetic changes that have been noted in the patient? - ANSWER Base pairs may have been rearranged by the radiation exposure. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly - ANSWER A child has been diagnosed with thalassemia. Which of the following other health problems is the child at risk for? Which of the following pregnant women has most likely encountered the greatest increase in the risk that her child will have a fetal anomaly? - ANSWER A woman who has herpes simplex and recently recovered from endocarditis Which of the following patients would be considered to have a significant risk of developing the prerenal form of acute renal failure? - ANSWER A 22-year-old male who has lost a large amount of blood following a workplace injury As part of the diagnostic workup for a male patient with a complex history of cardiovascular disease, the care team has identified the need for a record of the electrical activity of his heart, insight into the metabolism of his myocardium, and physical measurements, and imaging of his heart. Which of the following series of tests is most likely to provide the needed data for his diagnosis and care? - ANSWER Echocardiogram, PET scan, ECG A female patient is requiring supplementary oxygen by facemask due to her reduced lung compliance. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes is most likely to be a contributor to her low lung compliance? - ANSWER Her thoracic cage is less flexible than when she was healthy. A 77-year-old female with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is experiencing impaired gas exchange and CO2 retention, despite a rapid respiratory rate. Which of the following phenomena would her care team most realistically anticipate? - ANSWER Her kidneys will adapt with an increase in plasma HCO3- and her pH will decrease. A nurse practitioner is performing patient teaching about the influenza virus with each patient who has come to the clinic to receive that year's vaccine. Which of the following statements by patients best reflects an accurate understanding of the flu virus? - ANSWER "I could come down with viral or bacterial pneumonia as a result of a bad flu bug." A patient is experiencing impaired circulation secondary to increased systemic arterial pressure. Which of the following statements is the most relevant phenomenon? - ANSWER High afterload because of backpressure against the left ventricle Neutrophils - ANSWER A patient presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen, reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cellulitis. The patient's nurse practitioner has ordered a complete blood count and white cell differential. Which of the following blood components would the nurse practitioner most likely anticipate to be elevated? The nurse practitioner is providing care for a patient with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and he notes that the patient's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse practitioner recalls that jaundice is caused by excess accumulation of bilirubin, a pigment that can accumulate in which part of the cell? - ANSWER Cytoplasm A patient who has a diagnosis of lung cancer is scheduled to begin radiation treatment. The NP providing pretreatment education is explaining some of the potential unwanted effects of the treatment. Which of the following statements by the nurse is most accurate? - ANSWER "Some patients experience longer-term irritation of skin adjacent to the treatment site." "My baby could become infected either across the placenta or during the birth itself." - ANSWER A nurse practitioner is providing prenatal care and education for a firsttime expectant mother, 22 weeks' gestation, who has a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection. Which of the following statements by the expectant mother demonstrates an adequate understanding of vertical disease transmission and congenital infections? A 55-year-old male who is beginning to take a statin drug for his hypercholesterolemia is discussing cholesterol and its role in health and illness with his nurse practitioner. Which of the following aspects of hyperlipidemia would the nurse practitioner most likely take into account when teaching the patient? - ANSWER Cholesterol is a metabolic waste product that the liver is responsible for clearing. A 71-year-old woman is dependent on oxygen therapy and bronchodilators due to her diagnosis of emphysema. Which of the following processes would her care team be most justified in ruling out? - ANSWER In lung pathology such as emphysema, large amounts of air are trapped at the end of a given breath, a situation that corresponds to increased residual volume and decreased vital capacity. Elastic recoil would tend to suffer, and both alveolar and anatomical dead space consequently increase. A 34-year-old male patient has diagnoses of liver failure, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy secondary to alcohol abuse. The patient's family is questioning the care team about why his abdomen is so large even though he is undernourished and emaciated. Which of the following statements most accurately underlies the explanation that a member of the care team would provide to the family? - ANSWER The normally small transcellular fluid compartment, or third space, is becoming enlarged. Which of the following data would a clinician consider to be most indicative of acute renal failure? - ANSWER Increased nitrogenous waste levels, decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)