Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (ch. 1-5) Questions With Correct Answers

Anatomy - Answer the study of structures of the body Gross anatomy - Answer structures seen with the naked eye regional anatomy - Answer the study of the body by region (upper limb, thorax) systemic anatomy - Answer study of the body by organ system surface anatomy - Answer study of internal structures as they relate to the body's surface microscopic anatomy - Answer uses a micro scope to see structures not visible to the naked eye cytology - Answer the study of cell histology - Answer the study of tissues developmental anatomy - Answer they study of structural changes that occur over a lifespan embryology - Answer the study of embryo and fetal development physiology - Answer study of how the structures work/ function complementarity of structure and function - Answer (form and function are closely related) -Bones are hard- they can support and protect -blood flows in one direction b/c we have valves that prevent back flow of blood levels of structural organization - Answer 1. Chemical level: atoms join together to form molecules(proteins, fats, H2O) lar level: cells are made of molecules 3.Tissue: consists of similar cells (epithelial-skin, lining of the mouth, connective- cartilage, fats, ligaments, muscular- contraction and movement) 4.Organ: consists of different tissue types; carries out specific functions. 5.Organ system: different organs working together to achieve a common goal 6. organism: multiple organ systems working together to promote life Muscular system - Answer Function: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat. integumentary system - Answer Function: forms the external body coverage and protects deeper tissues from injury. Skeletal system - Answer Bones and joints Function: protects and supports body organs and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals. Nervous System - Answer Function: as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Endocrine System - Answer Function: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Lymphatic system - Answer Function: Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells; carries out immune responses. cardiovascular system - Answer Function: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps the blood Respiratory System - Answer Function: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Digestive System - Answer Function: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood and are distributed to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Urinary System - Answer Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood. reproductive system - Answer Function: Production of offspring. Structures of both sexes produce sex hormones; male structures produce and deliver sperm; female structures produce eggs and serve as sites for fertilization and development. Necessary life function - Answer What our body does or has to carry out to survive: 1.Maintaining boundaries: separation of external/ internal environments and separating internal structures/ areas 2.Movement: movement of body from point A to B or movement of substances w/in the body 3.Response to stimuli:withdrawal reflex in response to painful stimulus 4.Digestion: breaking down and absorbing nutrients to use in the body. 5.Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. tion: getting rid of wastes 7.Reproduction: producing offspring 8.Growth&development: humans grow in cell # but also cells specialized carry out different tasks Survival needs - Answer What our environment supplies to survive: 1.Nutrients: energy, building blocks for new cells 2.Oxygen 3.Water 4.Normal body temp 5. Normal atmospheric pressure Homeostasis - Answer Variable: low blood sugar levels lus: produces change in variable 2.Receptor: detects change -info sent along the afferent pathways 3.Control center: pancreas secretes glucagon -info sent along the efferent pathway 4.Effector: liver releases glucose in blood Negative feedback - Answer causes a change in the variable opposite the stimulus ( most common) ex: blood pressure, blood sugar, thermoregulation Positive feedback - Answer moves the variable in the same direction as stimulus until end goal is met ex: labor, blood clotting superior - Answer towards the head/ top of the body inferior - Answer towards the feet/bottom of the body anterior - Answer towards the front of the body posterior - Answer towards the back of the body medial - Answer towards midline of the body lateral - Answer away from the midline of the body proximal - Answer closer to the torso distal - Answer farther away from the torso superficial - Answer closer to the surface of the body deep - Answer closer to the bone ipsilateral - Answer same side of the body contralateral - Answer opposite sides of the body nasal - Answer nose oral - Answer mouth abdominal - Answer abdomen/ stomach thoracic - Answer chest dorsal - Answer back cephalic - Answer head vertebral - Answer spinal column brachial - Answer upper arm gluteal - Answer butt femoral - Answer thigh mid sagittal - Answer frontal - Answer transverse - Answer cranial cavity - Answer brain vertebral cavity - Answer spinal cord thoracic cavity - Answer pleural: lungs mediastinum: heart, great vessels, esophagus, &thymus pericardial: heart