Public Speaking-FINAL EXAM | with complete solution

Public Speaking-FINAL EXAM | with complete solution What are fallacies and prejudicial appeals? Know all of these in book - Fallacy: Error in reasoning. Appeal: Attempt to influence the audience. Prejudicial appeal: attempt to distract the listeners from thinking critically and making a decision based on the merits of the audience. (ex's on study guide) What is audience analysis? - surveying audience's beliefs, values, experiences, and motivations What is the "literal audience"? What is it made up of? - Group of people sitting in front of you as you begin to speak; they can be described in demographic categories (age, race, gender, class status, religious beliefs) What are some problems with the democratic approach? - Cannot make generalizations about the audience; must take everyone into account; if the audience doesn't fit the demographic they have no reason to listen; can lead away from common ground What is the "rhetorical audience"? - What the literal audience can become when you convince them to think or act differently (its what YOU make of the audience) What is the "as" test? - Tool for choosing a rhetorical audience as people is a specific role in order to change their perspective on the topic (ex: we AS Americans, AS citizens, AS voters, etc.) What are four ways that you can adapt your speech to your audience? - 1.) Identify common interests 2.) Make the most of shared experience (standing in line at DMV) 3.) Work from common premises 4.) Be directive What does the book mean by "speaking to the public" or "advancing the public conversation"? - Speaking to the public: speaking to a group of people whom you treat as reasonable, interested, and engaged partners in a dialogue and inform on an issue of common concert, using common vocabulary (so everyone can understand you). Advancing the public conversation: ? What are some of the responsibilities that you have to your audience? - You have a responsibility for the connections you are inviting the audience to make, responsible for the world their choices create. 1. Your speech creates a benefit for everyone 2. Your speech is responsible to your audience and its context What are the three types of listening? Define them. - 1. Passive: Listening that does not actively engage the ideas and arguments of the speaking (ex: a sponge) 2. Active: Listening attentively for the meaning and relevance of the speech 3. Critical: Listening to evaluate what is well done and poorly done What are the five ethics of listening that the book lists? - 1. Be ready to listen 2. Visibly pay attention 3. Eliminate potential distractions for yourself and others 4. Respect the forum 5. Practice good turn-taking What are the two biggest obstacles to good listening? - 1. Distractions (outside, stereotypes, lack of focus from speech to speaker) 2. Mental Zone (thinking of your own life, preconceptions of the topic, internal objections (ya, but..)) Why is note-taking impor