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Summary AQA A Level Psychology Revision Attachment
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ATTACHMENTGLOSSARY Discuss research into caregiver-infant interactions in humans (8-16marks)
Affectionless psychopathy: term used by Bowlby to describe people who AO1
don’t show concern or affection for other people and show little/no
• Attachment: close two-way emotional bond between two individuals; proximity,
remorse or guilt separational distress and secure base behaviours shows attachment
Asocial stage: 0-6 weeks where infant may respond to faces or voices but • Interactional synchrony: aka mirroring; carry out same action simultaneously;
an attachment has not been formed Isabella et al – high levels of synchrony associated with better quality mither-infant
attachment from observing 30 mothers and infants
Attachment: two-way close emotional bond between two individuals • Reciprocity: becomes frequent around 3 months old; each person responds to each
other – mutual behaviour
Contact comfort: physical and emotional comfort an infant receives from
being close to the mother AO3
Continuity hypothesis: idea that early relationships with caregivers predict • + Well controlled: filmed in multiple angles; behaviour can be recorded & analysed
later relationships in adulthood later; babies unaware of being recorded (so no demand characteristics) – increased
validity; may have bias – should have more than one observer; practical issues –
Critical period: time period where attachment has to form or it never will limited time that child is awake
• - Doesn’t tell the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity: descriptive rather than
Disinhibited attachment: child shows equal affection to strangers to those
explanatory
they know
• - Socially sensitive: potentially negative impact on specific groups as it suggests
Deprivation: attachment bond disruption due to separation from children may be disadvantaged by particular child rearing practices e.g. mothers who
attachment figure for a period of time return to work shortly after child birth; suggests mothers should not work too soon
after child birth to achieve interactive synchrony
Evolutionary explanation: views attachment as increasing survival chances • + Potential value to society: can have practical applications; Crotwell et al – 10
minute parent-child interaction therapy improved synchrony in 20 low income
Imprinting: offspring follows first large-moving object they see
mothers and their preschool infants compared to a control group; suggests provides
Indiscriminate attachment: infants aged 2-7minths can discriminate methods for improving and developing mother-infant interactions
between familiar and unfamiliar people but don’t show stranger anxiety
Innate behaviour: instinctive behaviour that doesn’t need to be learned
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, GLOSSARY
Outline and evaluate the stages of attachment as identified by Schaffer (8-16marks)
Insecure avoidant attachment: classification in ‘Strange
Situation’ where child shows low stranger and separation ATTACHMENT
AO1
anxiety and little response to reunion • Schaffer and Emerson (1964) – studied 60 babies and monthly intervals for first 18months;
studied at home; Findings: regular pattern discovered in development of attachment; 29% had
Insecure resistant attachment: classification in ‘Strange Stage 4 shortly after forming primary attachment
Situation’ where child shows high stranger separation anxiety • Stage 1: Asocial – 0-6weeks; same behaviour towards inanimate and humans similar; some
and resists comfort at reunion preference for familiar adults
• Stage 2: Indiscriminate: 6weeks-7months; preference for familiar adults over inanimate object;
Institutionalisation: effects of growing up in an institution e.g.
not show separation/stranger anxiety; attachment is same for all
orphanage
• Stage 3: Specific: 7-9months; stranger and separate anxiety shown; form specific attachment to
Interactional synchrony: infant and caregiver reflect each primary attachment figure (who they look to for support, comfort, protection)
other’s actions and emotions in a coordinated manner • Stage 4: Multiple: 10months onwards; secondary attachments form; majority of infants have
multiple secondary attachments by age 1
Internal working model: mental representation of our
AO3
relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes a
template for future relationships • + Ecological v.: most observations made during ordinary activities; behaviour of babies
unaffected by presence of observers – suggests most likely participants behaved naturally
Learning theory: explanations emphasising role of learning in
• - Problem with studying asocial stage: infants have poor coordination and are fairly immobile –
acquiring behaviours e.g. attachment difficulty in making judgements based on observed behaviour; suggests wide range of research
Maternal deprivation hypothesis: separation from the mother should be carried out
figure in early childhood has serious consequences • - Problem with how Multiple attachments is assessed: babies showing distress when someone
leaves the room doesn’t mean there is secondary attachment; Bowlby – suggests they may be
Meta-analysis: process in which a large number of studies ‘playmate’ rather than attachment figure; suggests further studies to distinguish between
which have involved the same research question and methods playmate and secondary attachment figures and play mate
of research are reviewed together • - Collectivism: Bowlby argues babies form attachments to single main carer before developing
secondary ones; multiple attachments appear from onset of cultures where multiple
Monotropy: unique and close attachment to one person – attachments are the norm – suggests stages is flawed due to cultural collectivism
primary attachment
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT (BABIES)
Asocial stage Indiscriminate attachemnt Specific attachment Multiple attachment
0 - 6 weeks 6 weeks - 7 months 7 - 9 months 10 months onwards
Behaviour towards inanimate object Display more observable behaviour Stranger and separation anxiety shown when
and humans is quite similar with preference for people than objects separated from attachment figure Secondary attachments with others form
Some preference for familiar adults -more Baby forms specific attachment to primary By the age of 1, majority of infants have
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easilyAgbaire
calmed by them Recognsie and prefer familiar adults attachment figure miltiple attachments
Don't show separation and stranger anxiety This is the person who offers most interaction
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