Samenvatting Stromingsmachines
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 4
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Classificatie ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Prestaties van pompen ........................................................................................................................ 4
Opvoerdruk...................................................................................................................................... 4
Vermogen ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Rendement ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Zuighoogte....................................................................................................................................... 5
Karakteristieken en bedrijfspunt ..................................................................................................... 6
Leidingsystemen .................................................................................................................................. 6
Weerstand in rechte leidingen ........................................................................................................ 6
Moody Diagram ............................................................................................................................... 7
Plaatselijke leidingsverliezen ........................................................................................................... 7
Leidingkarakteristiek ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hoofdstuk 2: verdringerpompen ............................................................................................................. 9
Overzicht van verdringerpompen ....................................................................................................... 9
Werking zuiger- en plunjerpomp ...................................................................................................... 11
pV-diagram zuiger- en plunjerpomp ................................................................................................. 12
Windketels......................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 3: Waaierpompen ................................................................................................................ 13
Werking en types............................................................................................................................... 13
Asafdichting ................................................................................................................................... 13
Types.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Snelheidsdriehoeken bij centrifugaalpompen .................................................................................. 15
Eulerse opvoerdruk ........................................................................................................................... 15
Pompkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................................... 16
Het bedrijfspunt ................................................................................................................................ 17
Regelen van de opbrengst ................................................................................................................. 18
Serie- en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................... 18
Parallelschakeling .......................................................................................................................... 18
Serieschakeling .............................................................................................................................. 19
1
, Serie-en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................ 19
Pompdiagram .................................................................................................................................... 19
Rendement ........................................................................................................................................ 19
NPSH .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Specifiek toerental ............................................................................................................................ 21
Hoofdstuk 4: Verdringercompressoren................................................................................................. 22
A.1. Eerste hoofdwet ......................................................................................................................... 22
Prestaties van compressoren en ventilatoren .................................................................................. 25
Compressiearbeid.......................................................................................................................... 26
Koeling ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Vermogen ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Rendement .................................................................................................................................... 27
Soorten compressoren ...................................................................................................................... 28
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Zuigercompressor .......................................................................................................................... 28
Schottencompressor ..................................................................................................................... 31
Dubbele schroefcompressor ......................................................................................................... 32
Enkele schroefcompressor ............................................................................................................ 32
Roots blower ................................................................................................................................. 32
Scrollcompressor ........................................................................................................................... 33
Rolzuigercompressor ..................................................................................................................... 34
Hoofdstuk 5: Waaiercompressoren ...................................................................................................... 35
Radiale compressoren ....................................................................................................................... 35
Axiale compressoren ......................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 6: Ventilatoren ..................................................................................................................... 38
Radiale ventilatoren ...................................................................................................................... 39
Axiale ventilatoren ........................................................................................................................ 40
Hoofdstuk 7: Gasturbines ...................................................................................................................... 41
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Werking ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Kringloop ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Industrieturbine............................................................................................................................. 43
Straalmotoren ............................................................................................................................... 43
Hoofdcomponenten .......................................................................................................................... 46
Compressor ................................................................................................................................... 46
Turbine .......................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, Verbrandingskamers ..................................................................................................................... 49
Prestaties ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Theoretisch rendement ................................................................................................................. 51
Verliezen ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Specifieke arbeid ........................................................................................................................... 52
Luchtbehoefte ............................................................................................................................... 53
Verbetering van prestaties ................................................................................................................ 53
Recuperatie ................................................................................................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 8: Stoomturbines ................................................................................................................. 55
Werking ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Gelijkdrukturbine........................................................................................................................... 55
Soorten stoomturbines ..................................................................................................................... 56
Verliezen ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Hoofdstuk 9: Waterturbines.................................................................................................................. 60
Types ................................................................................................................................................. 60
Francisturbine.................................................................................................................................... 60
Kaplanturbine .................................................................................................................................... 61
Buis/bulbturbine ............................................................................................................................... 61
Peltonturbine .................................................................................................................................... 62
Ossbergerturbine .............................................................................................................................. 62
Archimedesschroefturbine ................................................................................................................ 63
3
, Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding
Inleiding
Doel
• Doel pomp/compressor/ventilator = transport of onder druk brengen van fluida
Classificatie
• Verdringerpompen (volumetrische pompen): pompruimte vergroten (aanzuigen) en daarna
weer verkleinen (wegpersen)
o Niet bij ventilatoren
• Waaierpompen (centrifugaalpompen): continue stroming, toename van druk en/of snelheid
door waaier
Prestaties van pompen
Opvoerdruk
• Opvoerdruk = verschil in totale druk dat de pomp kan leveren tussen aanzuig- en perszijde
o Manometrisch
▪ Verschil in totale druk tussen zuig- en persflens
▪ = opvoerhoogte =
o Theoretisch
▪ Verschil in totale druk dat IN de pomp wordt opgebouwd
▪
4
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 4
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Classificatie ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Prestaties van pompen ........................................................................................................................ 4
Opvoerdruk...................................................................................................................................... 4
Vermogen ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Rendement ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Zuighoogte....................................................................................................................................... 5
Karakteristieken en bedrijfspunt ..................................................................................................... 6
Leidingsystemen .................................................................................................................................. 6
Weerstand in rechte leidingen ........................................................................................................ 6
Moody Diagram ............................................................................................................................... 7
Plaatselijke leidingsverliezen ........................................................................................................... 7
Leidingkarakteristiek ....................................................................................................................... 8
Hoofdstuk 2: verdringerpompen ............................................................................................................. 9
Overzicht van verdringerpompen ....................................................................................................... 9
Werking zuiger- en plunjerpomp ...................................................................................................... 11
pV-diagram zuiger- en plunjerpomp ................................................................................................. 12
Windketels......................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 3: Waaierpompen ................................................................................................................ 13
Werking en types............................................................................................................................... 13
Asafdichting ................................................................................................................................... 13
Types.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Snelheidsdriehoeken bij centrifugaalpompen .................................................................................. 15
Eulerse opvoerdruk ........................................................................................................................... 15
Pompkarakteristiek ........................................................................................................................... 16
Het bedrijfspunt ................................................................................................................................ 17
Regelen van de opbrengst ................................................................................................................. 18
Serie- en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................... 18
Parallelschakeling .......................................................................................................................... 18
Serieschakeling .............................................................................................................................. 19
1
, Serie-en parallelschakeling ............................................................................................................ 19
Pompdiagram .................................................................................................................................... 19
Rendement ........................................................................................................................................ 19
NPSH .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Specifiek toerental ............................................................................................................................ 21
Hoofdstuk 4: Verdringercompressoren................................................................................................. 22
A.1. Eerste hoofdwet ......................................................................................................................... 22
Prestaties van compressoren en ventilatoren .................................................................................. 25
Compressiearbeid.......................................................................................................................... 26
Koeling ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Vermogen ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Rendement .................................................................................................................................... 27
Soorten compressoren ...................................................................................................................... 28
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Zuigercompressor .......................................................................................................................... 28
Schottencompressor ..................................................................................................................... 31
Dubbele schroefcompressor ......................................................................................................... 32
Enkele schroefcompressor ............................................................................................................ 32
Roots blower ................................................................................................................................. 32
Scrollcompressor ........................................................................................................................... 33
Rolzuigercompressor ..................................................................................................................... 34
Hoofdstuk 5: Waaiercompressoren ...................................................................................................... 35
Radiale compressoren ....................................................................................................................... 35
Axiale compressoren ......................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 6: Ventilatoren ..................................................................................................................... 38
Radiale ventilatoren ...................................................................................................................... 39
Axiale ventilatoren ........................................................................................................................ 40
Hoofdstuk 7: Gasturbines ...................................................................................................................... 41
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Werking ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Kringloop ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Industrieturbine............................................................................................................................. 43
Straalmotoren ............................................................................................................................... 43
Hoofdcomponenten .......................................................................................................................... 46
Compressor ................................................................................................................................... 46
Turbine .......................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, Verbrandingskamers ..................................................................................................................... 49
Prestaties ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Theoretisch rendement ................................................................................................................. 51
Verliezen ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Specifieke arbeid ........................................................................................................................... 52
Luchtbehoefte ............................................................................................................................... 53
Verbetering van prestaties ................................................................................................................ 53
Recuperatie ................................................................................................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 8: Stoomturbines ................................................................................................................. 55
Werking ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Gelijkdrukturbine........................................................................................................................... 55
Soorten stoomturbines ..................................................................................................................... 56
Verliezen ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Hoofdstuk 9: Waterturbines.................................................................................................................. 60
Types ................................................................................................................................................. 60
Francisturbine.................................................................................................................................... 60
Kaplanturbine .................................................................................................................................... 61
Buis/bulbturbine ............................................................................................................................... 61
Peltonturbine .................................................................................................................................... 62
Ossbergerturbine .............................................................................................................................. 62
Archimedesschroefturbine ................................................................................................................ 63
3
, Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding
Inleiding
Doel
• Doel pomp/compressor/ventilator = transport of onder druk brengen van fluida
Classificatie
• Verdringerpompen (volumetrische pompen): pompruimte vergroten (aanzuigen) en daarna
weer verkleinen (wegpersen)
o Niet bij ventilatoren
• Waaierpompen (centrifugaalpompen): continue stroming, toename van druk en/of snelheid
door waaier
Prestaties van pompen
Opvoerdruk
• Opvoerdruk = verschil in totale druk dat de pomp kan leveren tussen aanzuig- en perszijde
o Manometrisch
▪ Verschil in totale druk tussen zuig- en persflens
▪ = opvoerhoogte =
o Theoretisch
▪ Verschil in totale druk dat IN de pomp wordt opgebouwd
▪
4
