SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 14TH EDITION By NYLA R. BRANSCOMBE - Test Bank

TB_Baron_Chapter 3 Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective SG=Used in Study Guide p=page TB_Baron_Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Single Select M/C Question 1 Many times, attempts at deception are thwarted because of ________ facial expressions. a) irrepressible b) basic channel c) stereotypical d) irrelevant ANS: a Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 2 On her way to work one morning, Samantha was cut off by a driver who was weaving in and out of traffic, tailgating slower moving cars, racing through yellow lights, and generally driving rather erratically. According to recent research, Samantha should probably ________ because ________. a) stare the other driver down; she will become more aggressive toward others unless she confronts the true source of her discomfort b) slow down in front of the driver, if this can be done safely; this will allow the driver time to calm down and begin driving more safely c) pretend to call the police on her cell phone; she will be able to intimidate the other driver d) avoid making eye contact with the driver; the driver might interpret Samantha’s eye contact as an act of aggression ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Hard M/C Question 3 Erin’s boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can’t seem to sit still during the meal, and he is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates ________. a) emotional arousal b) correspondent inference c) some sort of physical ailment d) deception ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 4 Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he applies for a job, and that this handshake should be firm, vigorous, and last a long time. According to recent research (Chaplin et al., 2000), if Jason follows this advice, the interviewer may think that Jason is ________. a) slightly disagreeable but very outgoing b) relatively shy and highly conscientious c) outgoing and willing to try new things d) a bit neurotic and somewhat outgoing ANS: c Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 5 Suppose we are trying to discern whether an individual is lying based on his or her verbal and nonverbal information and cues. Which of the following statements BEST describes how well we will be able to judge whether this individual is lying? a) We are able to pay equal attention to the individual’s verbal and nonverbal information and cues. b) It is very unlikely that we could judge whether the individual is lying based on either verbal or nonverbal information or cues. c) We are more likely to pay attention to his or her nonverbal cues and, thus, determine if he or she is lying. d) We will probably pay more attention to her or his verbal cues and, in doing so, will have difficulty determining any deception. ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 6 Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat. When she showed it to her husband, she asked if he liked it. Without hesitation, her husband responded by saying, “Yes. It is beautiful.” Before he spoke, however, a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second. This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as a ________. a) macroexpression b) microexpression c) discrepant interchannel d) discounted attribution ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 7 An example of interchannel discrepancy during deception would be ________. a) blinking very often b) showing one expression quickly followed by another c) smiling more frequently and broadly than would be expected in a given situation d) managing one’s facial expressions well while not making much eye contact ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 8 Jerome is playing poker with his buddies and is losing badly. It seems that everyone at the table knows when he is bluffing just by watching his eyes. Jerome needs to learn to monitor his ________ and his ________ when he plays poker. a) exaggerated expressiveness; microexpressions b) interchannel expressions; frequency of microexpressions c) interocular movements; interchannel expressions d) rate of blinking; frequency of eye contact ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 9 Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions and the pitch of her voice rose considerably; these aspects of her ________ gave away that that she was lying. a) linguistic style b) nonverbal cues c) lack of affect d) choice of proper nouns ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 10 Which statement BEST describes the attribution process? a) The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others and ourselves. b) The process by which we focus attention inward for reflection. c) The process by which we combine information about others into unified impressions of them. d) The process by which we seek to understand our own feelings, traits, and motives. ANS: a Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 11 Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store. You have never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before. Therefore, you think that the clerk did something to cause the argument. The theory that most directly explains how you reached this conclusion is the ________. a) theory of discounting and augmenting b) inferential correspondence effect c) actor-observer effect d) theory of correspondent inference ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 12 Although Sarah could afford any car she wants, she drives an aging Volkswagen. Sam, Sarah's friend, thinks that this choice says something about Sarah’s personality. Sam clearly agrees with ________. a) the theory of augmenting and discounting b) the theory of correspondent inference c) social comparison theory d) the theory of social desirability ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 13 Mr. Nguyen, a 53-year-old accountant, has just been rejected for a job at a small bank that he believes he was qualified for. He later hears from a friend that the hiring manager was biased against older job applicants. Mr. Nguyen’s self-esteem is likely to ________. a) first increase, then decrease because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection b) increase slightly because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection c) decrease slightly because he can make an internal attribution as to the cause of his rejection d) remain unchanged because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 14 When I consider the extent to which this person reacts in the same way to this same stimulus on other occasions, I am basing my attribution on ________. a) consensus b) distinctiveness c) correspondent inference d) consistency ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 15 We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because he likes to flirt if we observe this waiter flirting with several different customers while we eat. This best represents the concept of ________. a) controllability b) consistency c) distinctiveness d) consensus ANS: c Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 16 We might think that waiters who all flirt with a particular customer do so because the customer welcomes the attention if we notice that the waiters do not also flirt with other customers while we eat. This best represents the concept of ________. a) consistency b) noncommon effect c) consensus d) distinctiveness ANS: c Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 17 According to Kelley’s theory, behaviors that arise because of an individual’s traits, motives, or intentions are ________ caused, while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are ________ caused. a) genetically; environmentally b) externally; internally c) internally; externally d) consensually; externally ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 18 Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work, and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly, outgoing person. In fact, Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank’s customers periodically. Abbie’s perception of Kayla is mistaken because of ________. a) a discounting error b) the correspondence bias c) idiosyncratic behavior d) her perceptual salience ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 19 Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to recognize more of the situational determinants of behavior than are members of individualistic cultures. As a result, members of collectivist societies are ________. a) somewhat less likely to make the fundamental attribution error b) a great deal more likely to make the fundamental attribution error c) somewhat more likely to make the fundamental attribution error d) able to avoid the fundamental attribution error completely ANS: a Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 20 We tend to adjust our attributions to take account for situational constraints on our own behavior ________ we take account of situational constraints on others’ behavior. a) to a lesser extent than b) to about the same extent as c) sometimes more and sometimes less than d) to a greater extent than ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 21 Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps, and she thinks to herself, “What a clumsy person!” Five minutes later, though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an onlooker, “It’s very icy today!” This is an illustration of the ________. a) actor-observer effect b) self-serving bias effect c) blame avoidance principle d) categorization principle ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 22 Trista’s teacher just returned student essays to the class. Trista’s teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment. Trista is likely to believe her grade reflects ________ because of ________. a) an error on the teacher’s part; the fundamental attribution error b) both her ability level and her teacher’s ability; rational thinking c) the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias d) her true ability level; the correspondence bias ANS: c Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 23 Research evidence tends to indicate that social perception ________. a) is sometimes accurate and sometimes flawed because of our implicit theories b) has very restricted accuracy because there are just too many attributional errors c) can be quite accurate, despite attributional errors d) is not at all accurate, because of the many attributional errors ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 24 The self-defeating pattern of attributions exhibited by many depressed individuals can successfully be treated by therapies that encourage people to ________. a) take credit for significant others’ accomplishments and to blame themselves for negative outcomes b) examine the roots of their depression that can be found in their repressed urges, inner conflicts or traumatic childhood events c) view some successes and failures as due to external factors that they can control to some extent d) take credit for successful outcomes and to avoid blaming themselves for all negative outcomes ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others’ behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 25 Early research conducted by Solomon Asch suggests the presence of central traits, which are ________. a) relatively unimportant characteristics that interact with each other to determine our overall impression b) clusters of traits that we use to try to understand and explain the behavior of another person c) traits that strongly color the way we interpret other aspects of another person d) traits that have a relatively weak effect on our overall impression of another person ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 26 Bernard watched a brief video of Samantha being interviewed for a job. He reports his impression of Samantha and indicates he is not at all confident in his ratings of her. According to research, how accurate is Bernard’s impression? a) Bernard is probably right on target as accuracy is not related to confidence in judgments. b) Bernard is probably not very accurate as he is not very confident about his impression of her. c) Bernard is probably accurate given that people with low confidence in their impression underrate their performance. d) Bernard’s impression is probably as accurate as anyone else’s, regardless of their confidence level. ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 27 People use a number of different techniques to try and manage the impression they make on others. These techniques generally fall into one of two broad categories: ________ and ________. a) social formation; impression perception b) self-enhancement; other-enhancement c) self-abasement; other-enhancement d) social perception; impression formation ANS: b Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 28 Mike is applying for a job in advertising. While he is out to dinner with the interviewer, Mike pulls out and lights an expensive cigar and offers one to the interviewer. Mike is using what tactic to increase his chances of getting the job? a) self-enhancement b) induction c) other-enhancement d) sublimation ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 29 Recent research suggests that impression management can work against an individual if ________. a) impression management techniques provide accurate information about the individual using them b) the individual using these techniques selects an inappropriate target for impression management c) the individual using these techniques displays an inappropriate interest in another person d) impression management techniques are overused or ineffectively used ANS: d Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 30 One explanation for why we feel happier after engaging in impression management in which we try to come across as positive and cheerful is due to ________. a) spending time focusing on another person b) fundamental attribution error c) facial feedback hypothesis d) self-serving bias ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 31 Which type of nonverbal communication is relatively universal? a) Facial expressions such as smiles and frowns b) Verbal expressions of joy and sadness c) Eye contact and staring d) Gestures such as thumbs up or the OK sign ANS: a Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 32 Which of the following behaviors is considered to be a type of body language? a) Facial expressions b) Eye contact c) Gestures d) Nonverbal speech ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 33 In his home country, the United States, Arnold holds his thumb up to show approval. However, when traveling to another country last year, Arnold learned that people there took offense when he put his thumb up in this way. Which of the following best describes the reason for this? a) The thumbs up sign is an emblem that has a specific meaning in a given culture. b) The thumbs up sign is only acceptable to people in the United States. c) The thumbs up sign is mostly unknown, and people can disapprove of unfamiliar signs. d) The thumbs up sign is generally a hostile form of nonverbal communication. ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 34 While driving, Shawn notices a large truck speed up quickly behind him. Shawn is driving the speed limit, and the truck begins honking loudly before swerving around Shawn and passing him in the left lane. As the truck drives by, the driver yells obscenities at Shawn. He then speeds ahead and runs a red light. At the following light, however, Shawn pulls up beside the driver of the truck. Which of the following should Shawn avoid? a) Brief eye contact with the driver b) Extended eye contact with the driver c) Ignoring the driver d) Smiling at the driver ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 35 Which of the following is an example of paralanguage? a) Gestures b) Word choice c) Tone d) Body language ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 36 During a job interview, Darlene notices that the interviewee smiles constantly and nods her head in affirmation when questioned about her resume. However, the interviewee also frequently wrings her hands and avoids eye contact. The interviewee is demonstrating ________, which could be an indicator of ________. a) exaggerated facial expressions; enthusiasm b) interchannel discrepancies; deception c) paralanguage; anxiety d) microexpressions; confusion ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 37 Jonah decided to cook dinner for his wife, Carol, even though he never cooks. He didn’t use a recipe and on instinct combined ingredients, including milk that he didn’t notice was spoiled. When Carol got home, he gave her a bowl of his creation. As she smelled it, Jonah noticed that, only for a second, her upper lip raised and her nose wrinkled. Carol displayed a(n) ________. a) interchannel expression b) exaggerated expression c) macroexpression d) microexpression ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 38 The reason for engaging in the process of attribution is to a) understand the causes of others’ behavior and our own behavior. b) readily be able to detect meaning behind microexpressions c) identify and interpret instances of deception. d) comprehend unfamiliar gestures and body language. ANS: a Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 39 At a public park, Rob sees another man pick up and throw a large rock at a nearby duck. The man wounds the duck for seemingly no reason and then walks away. Rob is understandably shocked. Which of the following can you conclude about the man’s actions? a) They are low in social desirability. b) They don’t lend themselves to the process of attribution. c) They were not freely chosen. d) They are aligned to social norms. ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 40 You can most likely conclude that another person’s behavior reflects his or her stable traits when the behavior is freely chosen, is low in social desirability, and yields ________ effects. a) hurtful common b) universal uncommon c) distinctive noncommon d) distinctive common ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 41 At her gallery opening, Kayla unveiled a new sculpture she had been working on for over 2 years. The sculpture was very provocative. Kayla’s agent was the first to show up and gasped when he saw it. Then, nearly everyone who entered the gallery gasped upon seeing it. Regarding Kayla’s new sculpture, there was ________. a) high consensus b) low distinctiveness c) low consistency d) high social desirability ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 42 Upon entering her cabin, Geraldine heard a rustling sound in the bedroom. She bent down and looked through the keyhole. Inside was a bear that had climbed through an open window. Geraldine ran out of the cabin screaming. Her behavior was caused by ________ causes. a) noncommon b) internal c) consistent d) external ANS: d Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 43 Which three major types of information related to the causes of others’ behavior inform Kelley’s covariation theory? a) Distinctiveness, attribution, and external factors b) Consistency, ambiguity, and individualism c) Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness d) Social desirability, consensus, and linguistics ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 44 Which of the following dimensions of causal attribution is used to evaluate if behavior is likely to change? a) Internal–external dimension b) Stable–unstable dimension c) Controllable–uncontrollable dimension d) Distinct–indistinct dimension ANS: b Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 45 Erica watches a classmate put an open bag of chips into her backpack and thinks that the classmate is trying to protect the chips from any bugs in the room. James watches the same behavior of the classmate and concludes that the classmate is trying to hide the chips so she doesn’t have to share them with anyone else. This is an example of ________. a) consensus b) action identification c) fate attribution d) covariation ANS: b Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium, M/C Question 46 How we produce our first view of another person and how quickly we produce that view are questions related to ________. a) covariation theory b) attribution theory c) impression formation d) self-serving biases ANS: c Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 47 Before having an interview for a potential internship, Tanya carefully applies makeup, straightens her hair, and puts on a nice, colorful blazer. Tanya is practicing ________, which is a form of ________. a) other-enhancement; impression formation b) self-enhancement; impression formation c) other-enhancement; impression management d) self-enhancement; impression management ANS: d Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Skill=Apply, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 48 Which of the following is a type of other-enhancement? a) Getting a haircut b) Using flattering language c) Dieting to lose weight d) Wearing a suit and tie ANS: b Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Easy M/C Question 49 At an interview with a local tech start-up, Janine answered questions about her qualifications. She elaborated on her education and relevant working experiences. She said that she graduated top of her class easily. She said she received more compliments from her professors than any of her peers and that one professor commented that he couldn’t believe Janine learned many computer languages so quickly. Janine also said that she was working on “a rival to Facebook,” but that she couldn’t show the interviewer this work because it was confidential. In the end, Janine did not get the job. Which of the following is a likely explanation as to why? a) Janine used excessive and impression management tactics. b) Janine didn’t use enough impression management tactics. c) Janine’s impression management tactics did not affect the interviewer. d) Janine didn’t have the right qualifications for the job. ANS: a Skill=Apply, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium M/C Question 50 Which of the following statements accurately describes the effectiveness of impression management tactics? a) Impression management tactics make a good impression and should be used as much as possible. b) Impression management tactics can make a good impression as long as they are not overused. c) Impression management tactics sometimes make a good impression but usually make a bad impression. d) Impression management tactics do not make a good impression and should therefore be avoided. ANS: b Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium Essay Essay Question 51 Describe the role that facial expressions play in our social perceptions. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: Facial expressions convey information about an individual’s emotions. The expression of basic emotions, such as fear or joy, may be very nearly universal regardless of culture, but recent research indicates that we rely on situational cues to interpret expressions and that the specific meaning of a particular expression may be influenced by culture. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 52 There are three dimensions that impact how we make causal attributions. Internal and External attributions represent one of these dimensions of attributions. Please define and explain this dimension as well as the remaining two dimensions we consider when making attributions. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: 1. Internal/External: Internal attributions are when the cause of a behavior or action is presumed to be due to the disposition of the person carrying out the action. An external attribution is when the situation or something outside of the person is thought to have caused the action. One example of this is seeing someone fall on a walkway. An internal attribution would be to indicate that the person is clumsy and an external attribution would be to blame the frozen ice that caused them to fall. These types of attributions can be made using Kelley’s covariation theory of causal attribution (e.g., consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness). 2. Controllable: Some behavior we believe is controllable and therefore might lead us to see the behavior as being caused by the person, while an uncontrollable event might be more likely to lead us to decide that there were situational or other factors beyond the person’s control that made them behave this way. For example, if someone begins cursing in the middle of a store we might presume it is controllable and therefore something must have happened to upset this person. However, if we find out that this person has Tourrete Syndrome, we might make another attribution. 3. Stable: Another dimension we consider when making attributions has to do with how stable the causal factor might be. If we have a friend who seems to always be tired during their morning classes, due to many late nights we could attribute this to a stable cause such as their extraversion and long list of social commitments. On the other hand, we might attribute the cause to something less stable, for example, a temporary change in their work schedule. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Hard Essay Question 53 Describe the actor–observer effect. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: The actor–observer effect is based on our tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes (causes that are external to the individual) and on our tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to internal (dispositional) causes. The result is that if two people engage in the same behavior, each will see the reason for his or her own behavior as being something in the environment, but see the other person’s behavior as reflecting something within the self. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Easy Essay Question 54 Explain how self-serving bias impacts our attributions about unexpected negative events. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: When negative events occur, we attempt to attribute these negative events to external causes, rather than to blame ourselves. This is part of the self-serving bias which indicates we attribute positive outcomes internally and negative outcomes to external causes. Using the “ultimatum game,” some researchers found that when receiving a negative outcome, participants were more likely to believe they were playing with a human partner rather than a computer partner. Believing that there is an external causal agent creating this negative outcome allows participants to make an external attribution, “that person is being unfair.” It is more difficult to believe that a mere machine could be responsible for the negative situation. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 55 There are two major categories of techniques people employ in the process of impression management. Name, define, and describe these two tactics. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: 1. Self-enhancement efforts are intended to increase one’s appeal to others. This might be done through describing one’s positive traits, past success, and achievement, or explaining how one has overcome daunting obstacles. The focus of this tactic is to make the self socially desirable. 2. Other-enhancement efforts are intended to make others feel good about themselves. This might be done through compliments or flattery, an interest in the person, doing a small favor, seeking feedback or advice from the other, or expressing liking via nonverbal behavior (e.g., nodding, smiling). Skill=Understand, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 56 Describe an emblem, provide two examples, and explain why people need to be careful using emblems. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: An emblem is a type of gesture or body movement that carries a specific meaning in one culture but may have a different meaning, or no meaning, in another culture. One example is the “thumbs up” sign, which can be positive in one culture but negative in another culture. Another example is the “OK sign” made by touching the points of one’s thumb and forefinger together. This emblem can be positive or negative depending on the culture one is in. People should be careful when using emblems in cultures outside of their own because, without specific knowledge on how that emblem may be interpreted, it’s possible to offend others. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 57 List the three predictors of deception. Describe each one and give an example of each. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: The three predictors of deception are 1) microexpressions, 2) interchannel discrepancies, and 3) exaggerated facial expressions. Microexpressions are fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second. An example of a microexpression could be a scrunched nose, pursed lips, or a twitch in one’s eye. Interchannel discrepancies are discrepancies between a person’s facial expression and body language. For example, if one is smiling and nodding in agreement but one has shaking hands that are fidgeting with an object, then he or she is displaying an interchannel discrepancy. Finally, exaggerated facial expressions are facial expressions that are overstated or used more frequently than usual. For example, if a person is smiling more than usual, then that person is displaying an exaggerated facial expression. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.1: Determine how the five basic nonverbal channels of communication help us judge emotional states, Topic=3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 58 What is social desirability and how does it relate to our understanding of others’ behavior? Give an example of behavior with low social desirability and a behavior with high social desirability in the United States. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: Social desirability refers to a behavior’s acceptance level in a given society. If a person performs a behavior with low social desirability, then we can learn about that person’s traits, as he or she is willing to behave in a way that goes against societal norms. An example of a behavior with low social desirability is stealing merchandise from a store. An example of a behavior with high social desirability is purchasing merchandise from a store. Skill=Apply, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 59 According to Kelley’s covariation theory, what are the three major types of information we consider when trying to answer the question “Why?” about others’ behavior? Describe each type. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: The three types of information are 1) consensus, 2) consistency, and 3) distinctiveness. Consensus refers to the extent to which other people react to a given stimulus or event in the same manner as the person we are evaluating. Consistency refers to the extent to which the person in question reacts to the stimulus or event in the same way on other occasions over time. Finally, distinctiveness refers to the extent to which the person reacts in the same manner to other, different stimuli or events. Skill=Understand, Objective=3.2: Explain how the process of attribution helps our understanding of others' behavior, Topic=3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior, Difficulty=Medium Essay Question 60 A man approaches a woman at a coffee shop. They begin making small talk, and the conversation turns to what the man’s education is and what he does for a living. Considering the efficacy of impression management tactics, advise the man on what he should and shouldn’t do and why. ANS: Global Correct Feedback: The man should discuss his education and achievements and his career in an honest way that is positive. He should avoid gloating, exaggerating, or being deceitful about his educational history or past job experiences. By presenting himself and his history in a positive way, the man will be using effective impression management tactics, but if he overdoes it or lies, then the woman will likely react in a negative way. Skill=Apply, Objective=3.3: Describe why initial information is important in forming perceptions of others, Topic=3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others, Difficulty=Medium Social Psychology 14th Edition Test Bank, Branscombe Social Psychology Test Bank, Nyla R. Branscombe Test Bank, Social Psychology 14th Edition Exam Questions, Social Psychology Quiz Bank, Test Bank for Social Psychology Textbook, Social Psychology Test Questions, Social Psychology Assessment Bank, Social Psychology Study Resources, Exam Prep for Social Psychology, Social Psychology Practice Questions, Test Questions on Social Behavior, Social Influence Test Bank, Group Dynamics Exam Questions, Attitudes and Attitude Change Test Bank, Interpersonal Relations Test Bank, Prejudice and Discrimination Exam Questions, Social Cognition and Perception Test Bank, Test Bank for Social Psychology Research, Social Psychology Test Bank PDF, Social Psychology Test Bank Download, 14th Edition Branscombe Test Bank, Social Psychology Quizzes, Psychological Testing in Social Psychology, Social Psychology Multiple Choice Questions.