Sociology in Our Times 6th Canadian Edition by Murray - Test Bank

Chapter 3-Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What do sociologists refer to as “the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society”? a. culture b. society c. social organization d. religion ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 61 BLM: Remember 2. Three sociologists are discussing the relationship between society and culture. What are they likely to conclude about this relationship? a. Culture and society are both composed of people. b. Culture, unlike society, seldom generates discord, conflict, or violence. c. Culture and society are interdependent. d. Culture can exist without society. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 61 BLM: Higher Order 3. Traveling outside North America or meeting someone from a culture vastly different from our own provides us with opportunities to do what? a. develop diversity awareness b. develop a sociological imagination c. develop language skills d. develop new gestures and signs ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 62 BLM: Higher Order 4. You have been asked to give a brief presentation to your Introduction to Sociology class on the acquisition of human culture. What will be the basic message of your presentation? a. We learn about culture through interaction, observation, and imitation in order to participate as members of a group. b. We are born with a shared sense of who we are and where we belong. c. Rules about civility, tolerance, and how to communicate with one another are reflexes, drives, and instincts humans share. d. Culture comes from the toolkit given to us by nature. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 62 BLM: Higher Order 5. When a person sneezes in response to dust particles, it is called what? a. an instinct b. a reflex c. a drive d. a conditioned response ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Higher Order 6. Behavioural responses that satisfy needs such as sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification are examples of what? a. instincts b. reflexes c. drives d. learned behaviours ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Remember 7. According to sociologist Ann Swidler, what is a “tool kit of symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems”? a. culture b. society c. instincts d. reflexes ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Remember 8. Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture? a. kindness b. a train c. flash drives d. a cabin ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 64 BLM: Higher Order 9. What term would a sociologist use to describe grain elevators, banking pin chips, or training in CPR? a. industrialization b. technology c. material culture d. nonmaterial culture ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 64 BLM: Higher Order  10. According to the text, in which of the following would you be participating in material culture? a. attending a religious service b. building shelter c. going to the theatre d. studying a new language ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 64 BLM: Higher Order 11. Gillian argues that there is one, all-powerful god. What aspect of culture is best exemplified by Gillian’s argument? a. norm b. value c. belief d. language ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 65 BLM: Higher Order 12. What are customs and practices that occur across all societies? a. symbols b. beliefs c. norms d. cultural universals ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 66 BLM: Remember 13. Five interconnected rings appear as an emblem on Olympic promotional material. What would a sociologist refer to the rings as? a. a symbol b. a social fact c. cultural referents d. values ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 66 BLM: Higher Order 14. Your best friend ends every e-mail to you with the signature :). Which of the following terms best describes her signature? a. an emotion b. an emoticon c. a semicon d. a sentiment ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 67 BLM: Higher Order 15. What is one of our most important human attributes? a. knowledge b. norms c. language d. culture ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 67 BLM: Remember 16. What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue? a. Language imprisons people. b. Language is common to both animals and humans. c. Language shapes how speakers view reality. d. Language is less important than symbols in determining how we view the world. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 68 BLM: Higher Order 17. If you were to apply the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which of the following assumptions would you make? a. Thought and language exist independent of one another. b. We have thoughts then we express them through language. c. Language comes before thought. d. We perceive reality then use language to explain it. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 68 BLM: Higher Order 18. What is one significant difference between English and many Aboriginal languages? a. There are many more nouns that have gender in Aboriginal languages. b. English divides nouns in the animate and inanimate. c. Many Aboriginal languages have several different pronouns meaning he or she. d. Many Aboriginal languages are not preoccupied with gender. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 68 BLM: Remember 19. One of your professors constantly uses the term mankind in place of the term humanity. Why does this annoy you? a. The relationship between language and gender gets masked. b. Using the masculine form ignores women. c. Language becomes objective and standardized. d. Pronouns that show the gender of the person we expect to be in a particular occupation are missing. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 69 BLM: Higher Order 20. Which of the following terms represents a language-based predisposition to think about women in sexual terms? a. female b. babe c. woman d. she ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 69 BLM: Higher Order  21. Which of the following is the best example of a gender-neutral term? a. maid b. actress c. councilman d. flight attendant ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 69 BLM: Higher Order 22. Which of the following is an example of the way language may create and reinforce negative perceptions about race and ethnicity? a. Counter-representations that portray positive images of certain ethnic groups. b. Overtly derogatory terms popularized in movies, music, and other forms of popular culture. c. The “voice” of verbs that overemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements of members of minority groups. d. The “voice” of verbs that underemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements of members of majority groups. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 69-70 BLM: Remember 23. According to the 2006 Census, what percentage of Canadians are bilingual? a. under 5 percent b. approximately 10 percent c. 15–20 percent d. over 30 percent ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 70 BLM: Remember 24. According to the 2006 Census, what percentage of Aboriginal persons reported an Aboriginal language as their first language? a. 5–10 percent b. 11–19 percent c. 20–30 percent d. over 30 percent ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Remember 25. What perspective would you be using if you argued that shared language is necessary for a common culture? a. conflict b. interactionist c. functionalist d. feminist ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Higher Order  26. Suppose you were a conflict theorist. Which of the following statements are you most likely to make? a. Language is a source of power and social control. b. Language is an important means of cultural transmission. c. Language is a way for groups with less power to fight against the dominant group. d. Language is a stabilizing force in society. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Higher Order 27. According to Marx, social leaders use what cultural system to maintain positions of dominance in society? a. force b. discord c. values d. ideology ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 83 BLM: Higher Order 28. A local human rights organization has started a group at your campus. Recruitment coincides with final exams. Which of the following might students who are both academically driven and humanitarian minded experience? a. conflicted mores b. value contradictions c. real culture d. informal norms ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Higher Order 29. Canadians may believe that they are law abiding, but will routinely fail to wear a seat belt or slow down in school zones. What does this demonstrate? a. A discrepancy between ideal culture and real culture. b. The difference between Canadians and Americans. c. The differences between material culture and nonmaterial culture. d. A discrepancy between cultural universals and value contradictions. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Higher Order 30. Which of the following is the best example of a proscriptive norm? a. standing during the national anthem b. giving up your seat on a bus to a pregnant woman c. wearing clothing d. texting in class during a lecture ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Higher Order  31. Suppose a woman is named “Citizen of the Year” in her home community. What does this demonstrate? a. a folkway b. a positive sanction c. a negative sanction d. a law ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Higher Order 32. Suppose that during a movie, one person begins to talk to the person sitting next to him in an audible tone of voice. A man in another row turns around and says “Keep it down!” What does this illustrate? a. an informal sanction b. a formal sanction c. a taboo d. a core value ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Higher Order 33. What are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture? a. informal sanctions b. taboos c. folkways d. negative sanctions ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Remember 34. What kind of norm formally deals with public safety and well-being? a. a civil law b. folkways c. mores d. a criminal law ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Remember 35. When a person violates a folkway, what is the most likely reaction? a. an informal sanction b. a formal sanction c. a positive sanction d. a prescriptive sanction ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 72-73 BLM: Higher Order  36. Why are those who break mores more severely sanctioned than those who don’t follow folkways? a. Because informal norms may be violated without serious consequences. b. Because breaking a more is universally offensive. c. Because mores are based on cultural values and are therefore considered to be crucial for the well-being of the group. d. Because all mores are considered taboos. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Higher Order 37. A sociologist would refer to specific behavioural expectations of any society as what? a. prescriptions b. values c. codes of conduct d. norms ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Remember 38. What do sociologists call mores that are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable? a. laws b. taboos c. negative sanctions d. formal sanctions ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Remember 39. Which of the following is a taboo found in virtually every society? a. public urination b. incest c. nudity d. premarital sex ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Higher Order 40. What are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions? a. folkways b. mores c. laws d. legislative mandates ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Remember  41. What kind of law deals with disputes between persons or groups? a. civil b. criminal c. informal d. formal ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 73 BLM: Remember 42. With regard to the discussion of cultural change in the text, the Apple iPad is an example of which of the following? a. Cultures tend to remain fairly static. b. Societies experience cultural change at material levels but remain fairly static at nonmaterial levels. c. Most technological changes are modifications of existing technology. d. The pace of technological change has decreased significantly in recent years. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Higher Order 43. Who coined the term cultural lag? a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. William F. Ogburn d. Karl Marx ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 44. What is the gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions? a. cultural diffusion b. cultural relativity c. cultural innovation d. cultural lag ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 45. What is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized? a. invention b. diffusion c. discovery d. cultural advancement ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 46. Historically, what involved unearthing natural elements or existing realities including fire or the true shape of the earth? a. invention b. diffusion c. discovery d. cultural advancement ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 47. When existing cultural elements are reshaped into a new form, what process has occurred? a. cultural lag b. invention c. discovery d. cultural diffusion ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 48. What is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another? a. discovery b. diffusion c. reorganization d. rediscovery ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Remember 49. Exploration, the media, and tourism assist with what process related to culture? a. discovery b. diffusion c. reorganization d. rediscovery ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Higher Order 50. The popularity of Chinese food in Canada is an example of which of the following? a. cross-cultural advertising b. cultural lag c. cultural diffusion d. cultural diversity ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 74 BLM: Higher Order 51. North American society can be described as which of the following? a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. culturally advanced d. immigrant threatened ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 75 BLM: Higher Order 52. What do sociologists call a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some significant way from that of the larger society? a. a subculture b. a counterculture c. a contraculture d. an ethnic divide ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 76 BLM: Remember 53. Which of the following reflects the Hutterites of Western Canada? a. They believe that communal living is necessary. b. They attempt to achieve complete isolation from the wider society. c. They refuse to use any sort of modern machinery or equipment. d. They are a good example of a counterculture. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 76 BLM: Higher Order 54. What are groups that strongly reject the dominant societal values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles? a. subcultures b. countercultures c. contracultures d. infracultures ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 78 BLM: Remember 55. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? a. the Hutterites b. the flower children of the 1960s c. the drug enthusiasts of the 1990s d. Italian Canadians ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 78 BLM: Remember 56. Why are hard-core skinheads considered a counterculture? a. There are fewer of them relative to other groups in the mainstream society. b. They focus on views that contradict the norms and values of mainstream Canadian culture. c. They dress in a clearly identifiable manner. d. They tend to live on the fringe of society. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 78 BLM: Higher Order 57. What is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own? a. culture shock b. societal disbelief c. national anomie d. subcultural shame ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 78 BLM: Remember 58. Suppose a person enters a new society and becomes nauseous at the sight of the customs and social environment. What is this person experiencing? a. societal disbelief b. cultural shock c. subcultural shame d. national anomie ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 78 BLM: Higher Order 59. Which of the following is based on the assumption that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others? a. group superiority b. ethnocentrism c. the authoritarian personality d. self-centeredness ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Remember 60. If you overhear someone using derogatory stereotypes to ridicule a recent immigrant who stands out in appearance, what are you witnessing? a. positive ethnocentrism b. negative ethnocentrism c. positive cultural relativism d. high culture ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 61. A team song or camp chant taught to children are forms of which of the following? a. positive ethnocentrism b. negative ethnocentrism c. positive cultural relativism d. high culture ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 62. What is the belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards? a. cultural xenocentrism b. diversity in practice c. cultural relativism d. reverse ethnocentrism ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Remember 63. What does anthropologist Marvin Harris use to explain why cattle, which are viewed as sacred, are not killed and eaten in India, where widespread hunger and malnutrition exist? a. cultural xenocentrism b. diversity in practice c. cultural relativism d. reverse ethnocentrism ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Remember  64. Some Westerners assume that hunger and poverty in India is caused by cow worship, and would be eliminated if Indians would adapt our practices of slaughtering cattle. What would anthropologist Marvin Harris likely say about such a conclusion? a. It demonstrates cultural relativism. b. It is ethnocentric. c. It shows that we fully understand and accept cultural diversity. d. It indicates that Canadians are xenophobic. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80-81 BLM: Higher Order 65. Taking school children to the symphony exposes them to what kind of culture? a. ideal b. real c. high d. popular ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 66. Being on your favourite social networking site with your friends is participating in what kind of culture? a. nonmaterial b. popular c. high d. counter ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 67. Activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes are referred to as what kind of culture? a. nonmaterial b. popular c. high d. global ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Remember 68. Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu defines high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes. What is this theory? a. cultural capital b. functionalist c. containment d. social control ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 80-81 BLM: Remember  69. Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between high culture and popular culture? a. People appreciate high culture more than they do popular culture. b. High culture often requires training to be appreciated and understood, whereas popular culture does not. c. Popular culture is much less accessible than high culture. d. High culture is primarily for the upper and middle classes, whereas popular culture is for the lower classes. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 81 BLM: Higher Order 70. If you followed social theorist Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory, what would you argue about high culture? a. It is very often poor in quality. b. It is something that only the rich can understand. c. It requires no training or education to understand or appreciate. d. It is a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate class. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 80-81 BLM: Higher Order 71. What do functionalists argue about popular culture? a. It serves as the glue that holds society together. b. It can glorify things like crime, which undermines core cultural values rather than reinforces them. c. In the form of television and the Internet, it helps integrate recent immigrants into the mainstream culture. d. It can homogenize long-term residents as a result of seeing the same images and being exposed to the same beliefs and values. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 82 BLM: Remember 72. Suppose you were a conflict theorist. Which of the following statements would you agree with? a. Popular culture may be the “glue” that holds society together. b. Popular culture is created by powerful corporations in the same way that any other product or service is produced. c. Popular culture may be dysfunctional if it undermines core cultural values. d. Popular culture may help us temporarily forget the problems we face in everyday life. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 83 BLM: Higher Order  73. Many people buy products at The Disney Store because they believe in the trustworthiness of the item. This belief has been promoted through marketing to create what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu calls? a. commodity fever b. symbolic capital c. cultural capital d. popular cultural trust ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 74. According to K.S. Jewell, popular cultural images are often linked to negative stereotypes, particularly of Black women. Which is an example? a. Disney’s Princess and the Frog movie b. Aunt Jemima Pancake advertisements c. The television show SuperNanny d. The series Desperate Housewives ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 84 BLM: Higher Order 75. Which statement matches the perspective on culture with the correct theory? a. Postmodernists demonstrate “reality” is not what it seems and speak of cultures, rather than culture. b. Conflict theorists highlight how people maintain and change culture through their interactions with others. c. Functionalists examine the intertwining relationship among race, gender, and popular culture. d. Interactionists help us see how popular culture promotes consumption of commodities. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 85 BLM: Higher Order 76. Using a symbolic interactionist perspective, what does Simmel state about money? a. Money becomes a means to an end. b. We are aware of worth based on objective, economic calculations. c. Intrinsic qualities of sports figures or wealthy entrepreneurs matter more than how much money they make in our assessment of their worth. d. People create money as a means of exchange but then it acquires a social meaning that extends beyond the economic function. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 84-85 BLM: Higher Order 77. Terry’s focus on her schooling over other activities is best understood as a reflection of what? a. The strong hold of popular culture. b. Her attempts to acquire cultural capital. c. The pressure to succeed in North American culture. d. Cultural imperialism. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order  78. Rose’s interest in both piercings and the opera demonstrates which of the following? a. Popular culture and high culture are not easily melded together. b. Popular culture is more pervasive than high culture. c. Those who participate in high culture tend to dismiss popular culture. d. Forms of popular culture and high culture are not mutually exclusive. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 80 BLM: Higher Order 79. Monica is obsessed with Facebook. What sociological concept defines Monica’s interactions on social networking sites? a. object fad b. idea fad c. activity fad d. personality fad ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 81 BLM: Higher Order 80. Which of the following statement best defines culture? a. A large social grouping that occupies the same geographic territory. b. A set of ideas, behaviours, and material possessions. c. An interdependent relationship between nations. d. A divergent set of worldviews. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 61 BLM: Higher Order 81. According to the text, how does sociology help us understand culture? a. It provides a framework for explaining conflict between nations. b. It provides a framework for understanding immigration policies. c. It provides a framework for explaining how society dominates culture. d. It provides a framework for understanding diversity. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 61-62 BLM: Remember 82. Which of the following is NOT a feature of multiculturalism in Canada? a. It presents challenges to new Canadians. b. It remains a positive reality for the majority of Canadians. c. It can result in too much diversity. d. It represents a symbol of Canadian identity. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 60 BLM: Higher Order 83. According to the text, why is learning about cultural diversity important for individual and collective well-being? a. It facilitates international business transactions. b. It prevents warfare. c. It reminds us that we share a common humanity. d. It helps us understand different experiences. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 74-75 BLM: Remember  84. Which of the following debates is most common within sociology? a. nature vs. nurture b. instinct vs. reflex c. culture vs. society d. function vs. drives ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 62 BLM: Higher Order 85. Eating, sleeping and sexual gratification are examples of what? a. reflexes b. drives c. instincts d. desires ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Remember 86. Which of the following statements best defines instinct? a. A biologically determined behaviour pattern common to all members of a species. b. A biologically determined involuntary response to a physical stimulus. c. A biologically determined impulse common to most members of a species. d. A biologically determined response that is channelled by culture. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Higher Order 87. Sneezing and blinking are examples of what? a. functions b. reflexes c. instincts d. drives ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Higher Order 88. Symbols, stories, rituals and worldviews are part of what Ann Swidler calls? a. intergenerational transmission b. collective memory c. cultural toolkit d. institutional repertoires ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 63 BLM: Higher Order 89. Which of the following statements best defines material culture? a. Knowledge, techniques and tools that transform resources into usable forms. b. Tangible creations that members of society make, use and share. c. Abstract human creations that influence people’s behaviour. d. Social practices that occur across all societies. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 64 BLM: Remember  90. Which of the following is NOT a cultural universal? a. hairstyle b. incest c. dancing d. folklore ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 66 BLM: Higher Order 91. Which of the following statements best describes language diversity in Canada? a. The majority of Canadians are bilingual. b. Aboriginal languages are protected. c. A minority of Canadians lack the ability to converse in either French or Mandarin. d. Bilingualism is an important component of Canadian culture. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 70 BLM: Higher Order 92. Storytelling is an example of what type of culture? a. linguistic b. oral c. abstract d. symbolic ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 70 BLM: Remember 93. According to the text, which of the following did NOT help preserve indigenous languages? a. Aboriginal language courses in universities b. Aboriginal media programming c. Residential schools for Aboriginals d. Recording stories and songs in Aboriginal language ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Remember 94. Forbidding Aboriginal children from speaking their language is an example of what type of strategy? a. culturalist b. abolitionist c. assimilationist d. integrationist ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 70-71 BLM: Higher Order 95. Meghan is using a conflict perspective to analyze language diversity. Which of the following statements best exemplifies her views? a. Language is a source of power. b. Language contains value contradictions. c. Language is a form of non-material culture. d. Language helps establish standards of conduct. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 71 BLM: Higher Order  96. Praise, honours, and medals for conforming to specific norms are examples of what? a. cultural sanctions b. informal sanctions c. non-material sanctions d. positive sanctions ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 72 BLM: Remember 97. According to Malinowski (1922), what three needs does culture help people meet? a. substantive, integrative, mechanical b. biological, instrumental, integrative c. instrumental, substantive, biological d. substantive, biological, mechanical ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 82 BLM: Remember 98. In what ways does popular culture serve a function in society? a. It helps recent immigrants integrate. b. It glorifies crime for the sake of entertainment. c. It helps identify antisocial behaviour. d. It teaches people about upward social mobility. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 83 BLM: Higher Order 99. Amy is studying how ideology is used by powerful leaders to justify low wages among factory workers. What perspective is Amy most likely to use? a. conflict b. functionalist c. postmodern d. symbolic interactionist ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 83 BLM: Higher Order 100. Which of the following statements best reflects the symbolic interactionist perspective on culture? a. Symbols make communication difficult because they can have different meanings. b. Values and norms are independent realities that determine behaviour. c. People make meaning through conflict with others. d. People create meaningful symbols as they go about their everyday activities. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 84 BLM: Higher Order 101. Steven argues that Disneyland is a simulation of reality. Which theoretical perspective is Steven using? a. functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. postmodern d. conflict ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 85 BLM: Higher Order TRUE/FALSE 1. A society includes the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passes from person to person and from one generation to the next. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 61 2. Most sociologists agree that human beings have instincts. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 63 3. Cultural universals are useful because they ensure the smooth and continuous operation of society. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 66 4. Regardless of the perspective used to approach the issues involved, cultural universals are always the result of functional necessities. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 66 5. Culture could not exist without symbols because there would be no shared meanings among people. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 66-67 6. The fact that most people associate the colour blue with boys and pink with girls is an example of the importance of symbols in our culture. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 69 7. Language is solely a human characteristic. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 67 8. Many Aboriginal languages do not have personal pronouns based on gender. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 68 9. Values dictate which behaviours are appropriate and which are not in a given culture. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 71 10. Core Canadian values do not contradict each other. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 71  11. Proscriptive norms state what behaviours are appropriate and acceptable. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 72 12. Praise, honours, or medals for conformity to specific norms are all examples of positive sanctions. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 72 13. Negative sanctions are always formal; that is, they relate only to law. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: age 72 14. Cultures generally remain static. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 73 15. Today, discovery most often results from scientific research. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 74 16. Hutterite life is centered on the community rather than on the individual. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 76 17. The downside of cultural relativism is that it may be used to excuse customs and behaviour that violate basic human rights. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 80 18. High culture is sometimes referred to as mass culture. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 80 19. The widespread infusion of the English language into countries that speak other languages can be viewed as a form of cultural imperialism. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 81 20. A strength of the functionalist perspective on culture is a focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society’s continued survival. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 82 21. Some conflict theorists suggest that corporations do not create popular culture as much as they co-opt existing popular culture for their own economic gain. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 83 22. The term symbolic capital refers to culturally approved intangibles such as honour, integrity, esteem, trust, and goodwill. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 84 23. Symbolic interactionists focus primarily on macro level concerns. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 84 24. Interactionism provides a systematic framework for analyzing how we shape culture and how, in turn, it shapes us. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 84 25. In the future, the issue of cultural diversity will very likely decrease in overall importance. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 75 26. Postmodernists believe that we should speak of culture rather than cultures. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 85 27. Popular culture promotes the critical consumption of commodities. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 83 28. According to functionalists, the class which is the ruling material force in society is also the ruling intellectual force. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 83 29. The infusion of the English language into Aboriginal schooling is a form of cultural imperialism. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: page 81 30. Ethnocentrism is the belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: page 80 ESSAY 1. Outline the role culture plays in shaping patterns of human behaviour and social interaction. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 2. Using examples, outline different types of material culture and the impact of material culture on social life. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 3. List and describe the main nonmaterial components of culture. Explain how these components contribute to both harmony and conflict in society. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 4. Differentiate between high culture and popular culture. Discuss how each of the main sociological perspectives understands popular culture. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 5. Outline different ways in which our society might be able to confront the issue increasing cultural diversity. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 6. Discuss whether the proliferation of shopping malls in China is an example of cultural diffusion. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1  7. Explain how culture and class are related using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital. ANS: Answers will vary PTS: 1 SHORT ANSWER 1. In what way is popular culture dysfunctional for society? Provide an example. ANS: It can undermine core cultural values rather than reinforce them. Examples will vary. PTS: 1 REF: page 83 2. Explain why Hutterites are considered a subculture. Provide an example. ANS: Hutterites share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ significantly from society. Examples will vary. PTS: 1 REF: page 76 3. Discuss the gap between ideal and real culture. Provide an example. ANS: Ideal culture: refers to the values and standards of behaviour that people is a society profess to hold. Real culture: refers to the values and standards of behaviour that people actually follow. Examples will vary. PTS: 1 REF: page 72 4. Discuss how residential schools are a form of cultural imperialism. Provide an example. ANS: Cultural imperialism: the extensive infusion of one nation’s (European settlers) culture into other nations (Canadian Aboriginals). PTS: 1 REF: page 70 5. Define the concept of value contradiction and provide an example. ANS: Value contradiction: values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive. Examples will vary. PTS: 1 REF: page 71 Chapter 7–Crime and Deviance MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Your sociology class takes place at predictable times and on scheduled days each week. All who are enrolled in the class are expected to show up on these days at the appropriate time. Which of the following best describes such systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage student conformity? a. mechanisms of retaliation b. mechanisms of punishment c. mechanisms of social control d. mechanisms of deviance ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Higher Order 2. Teachers at Elmwood Elementary have a strict policy on bullying, which prohibits physical, psychological, or emotional abuse of teachers or students. Which of the following terms best applies to this process? a. mechanisms of retaliation b. mechanisms of social control c. mechanisms of punishment d. mechanisms of deviance ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Higher Order 3. What form does social control typically take? a. internalized societal norms and values b. positive sanctions used to punish rule-breakers c. arrests or fines d. jail sentences ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Remember 4. Which of the following is a typical form of social control? a. behaviour that echoes a belief in conformity and commitment to social order b. rewards parents give to encourage good behaviour c. a fine of $300 d. a jail sentence of two years less a day ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Higher Order 5. How would sociologists define deviance? a. any aberrant behaviour or belief b. a serious violation of consistent moral codes c. behaviours, beliefs, or conditions that violate cultural norms d. acts that violate the law ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Remember  6. Which of the following is an example of deviance? a. serving alcohol at a dinner party with friends or co-workers b. standing up and singing during a chemistry exam c. travelling 10 km over the speed limit d. telling your friends your hopes and dreams ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Higher Order 7. Which of the following statements supports the assertion that deviance is relative? a. Behavioural deviance is based on intentional or inadvertent actions. b. People may be regarded as deviant if they express a radical or unusual belief system. c. People may be regarded as deviant because of specific characteristics or conditions that they have had since birth or have acquired. d. What one community defines as deviant differs from the next, and over time what one group views as deviance can change. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Higher Order 8. According to sociologists, how is deviance relative? a. Certain acts are always considered wrong, regardless of the society. b. An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such. c. Most deviant acts occur within families or among relatives. d. Everyone in society is a deviant; it’s just that some are more deviant than others. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Remember 9. According to a sociologist, which phrase best describes deviance? a. an objective fact b. an natural construct c. a social construction d. arbitrary and random ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 174 BLM: Remember 10. How would sociologists define crime? a. an act that is accompanied by punishment b. an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions c. any belief that violates cultural norms d. any behaviour that violates cultural norms ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 175 BLM: Remember 11. Which of the following is an example of criminal behaviour? a. taking the belongings of another person without permission b. robbery c. having beliefs that go against the grain in your community d. violations of norms ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 175 BLM: Remember 12. According to the text, what is it called when a 12-year-old girl steals a car? a. deviance b. truancy c. youthful misconduct d. juvenile delinquency ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 177 BLM: Higher Order 13. Which theory of Robert Merton’s suggests that the macrolevel structures of a society can produce social pressures resulting in a higher rate of deviant behaviour? a. strain b. conflict c. developmental d. opportunity ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 175 BLM: Remember 14. Which perspective asserts that people are sometimes exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving them? a. the conflict perspective b. the symbolic interactionist perspective c. the functionalist perspective d. the social control perspective ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 175–176 BLM: Remember 15. The text uses the example of Conrad Black, who was convicted in 2007 of misappropriating millions of dollars from the newspaper he once headed, and sentenced to 6.5 years in prison. Despite his wealth, he took money from the Hollinger Company, which belonged to shareholders. What is this case used to illustrate? a. strain theory and upper-class deviance b. differential association and lower-class deviance c. control of crime d. conflict perspective ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Remember 16. Cyberbullying, including the use of cell phones, text messaging, or social networking sites, demonstrates how new forms of deviance can bring about which of the following? a. new legitimate opportunities b. new illegitimate opportunities c. old legitimate opportunities d. technological opportunities ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Higher Order 17. Who suggested that people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures in order for deviance to occur? a. Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales b. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin c. Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell d. Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Remember 18. What term do Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin use for the circumstances that provide access to wanted things through illegal behaviours? a. illegitimate opportunity structures b. deviant channels c. illicit techniques d. opportunity moments ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Remember 19. Elijah Anderson draws on opportunity theory to argue that a particular economy is an employment agency superimposed on the gang network for many young men who lack other opportunities. To which of the following is he referring? a. weapons b. prostitution c. drugs d. stolen goods ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Remember 20. Which phenomena did Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin describe with such terms as criminal, conflict, and retreatist? a. delinquent subcultures b. conflicted groups c. subcultures d. rebellious youth ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Remember 21. Ned, Carson, and Roy are teenagers who find the gang lifestyle appealing, but there are no gangs in their rural community. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what are these young men likely turn to? a. theft and extortion b. fighting over turf c. drinking and drug use d. relocating to another city ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Higher Order  22. What theory, by Travis Hirschi, holds that the probability of deviant behaviour increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken? a. social bond b. strain c. illegitimate opportunity d. differential association ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 177 BLM: Remember 23. Sara, Maria, and Stephanie have skipped school since the end of February, and now that it is approaching end-of-year exams, their teachers, parents, and friends are concerned that the girls do not care. According to social bond theory, what might be the problem? a. attachment b. commitment c. involvement d. belief ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 177 BLM: Higher Order 24. Which of the following situations contributes to conformity, according to social bond theory? a. Bill is a loner. b. Ryan sells drugs. c. Nicole has abandoned her parents’ value system. d. Parvana always plays by the rules. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 177 BLM: Higher Order 25. Your parents are upset about the new group of peers with whom you are spending time because they feel that this new group of friends is encouraging you to behave in inappropriate and deviant ways. Which of the theorists below developed the theory that best fits this scenario? a. Travis Hirschi b. Edwin Sutherland c. Richard Cloward d. Robert Merton ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 177–178 BLM: Higher Order 26. What theory would argue that Stefan has a greater likelihood of committing deviant acts if he associates with peers who look favourably upon crime and deviance? a. illegitimate opportunity b. labelling theory c. strain d. differential association ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 177–178 BLM: Higher Order 27. Labelling theory is based on what perspective? a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionist perspective c. feminist perspective d. postmodernist perspective ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 179–180 BLM: Remember 28. What theory would view Alex as deviant if his teachers define him as a troublemaker? a. strain theory b. social control theory c. differential association theory d. labelling theory ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 179 BLM: Higher Order 29. Which term would Howard Becker use to describe animal rights activists who protest Lucy the Elephant’s residence at the Valley Zoo in Edmonton? a. professional speakers b. moral entrepreneurs c. modern prophets d. ethical brokers ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 181 BLM: Higher Order 30. What did sociologist William Chambliss conclude in his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks? a. Although both groups engaged in similar behaviours, only the Roughnecks—who came from lower-income families—were stigmatized by a deviant label. b. Since both groups engaged in similar behaviours, their members were equally stigmatized by deviant labels, regardless of their class background. c. The Roughnecks were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more criminal offences than the Saints. d. The Saints were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more “trouble-making” acts than the Roughnecks. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 179 BLM: Remember 31. A young girl in middle school decides, for the first time, not to attend school today because she has a test. What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking? a. primary deviance b. secondary deviance c. residual deviance d. undetected deviance ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 179 BLM: Higher Order 32. Suppose that Becky, who is under the legal age, orders and is served a drink in a bar. She is not discovered, so she is not labelled. What form of deviance has taken place, according to Edwin Lemert’s labelling theory? a. secondary deviance b. primary deviance c. residual deviance d. undetected deviance ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 179 BLM: Higher Order 33. Don does his first break-and-enter at age 16. During his teens, he continues to break into cars and homes until he is sent to jail shortly after his 19th birthday. According to Edwin Lemert’s labelling theory, what is he demonstrating? a. career deviance b. primary deviance c. secondary deviance d. undetected deviance ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 179 BLM: Higher Order 34. Why is labelling theory criticized? a. for not explaining what causes the original acts that constitute primary deviance b. for placing too much emphasis on why some people accept deviant labels and others do not c. for not addressing the ways in which social control and personal identity are intertwined d. for stressing questions of why at the expense of how ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 181 BLM: Remember 35. What perspectives might make the claim, as Jeffrey Reiman does, that “the rich get richer and the poor get prison”? a. functionalist b. conflict c. social control d. symbolic interactionist ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 182 BLM: Higher Order 36. Tom and Jared grew up in the inner city and have been living on the streets since age 15. To survive, they panhandle, take on odds jobs, and squeegee windshields for change. What theory would locate their crimes at the level of economic inequality? a. conflict theory b. functionalism theory c. symbolic interactionism theory d. social control theory ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 182 BLM: Higher Order 37. Drinking alcohol is legal for those over a certain age, while mainlining heroin is not. Who of the following would explain this as people with economic and political power defining as criminal any behaviour that threatens their own interests? a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. conflict theorists d. proponents of differential association ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 182–183 BLM: Higher Order 38. What does the conflict perspective argue about criminal law? a. It is applied equally to the different social classes. b. It attempts to reverse the inequalities present in society. c. It was created in order to label deviants as “criminals.” d. It protects the interests of the affluent and powerful. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 182–183 BLM: Remember 39. Single mother Jeannette works at two minimum wage jobs. She routinely writes bad cheques and eventually gets arrested for fraud. Which theory would explain Jeannette’s deviance in terms of poor wages and her inability to provide economically for her children? a. functionalist theory b. feminist theory c. social control theory d. conflict theory ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 182–183 BLM: Higher Order 40. What theory would examine the relationship between a woman’s role as mother and the crime of infanticide? a. functionalist theory b. feminist theory c. social control theory d. egalitarian theory ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 182–183 BLM: Higher Order  41. What does Elizabeth Comack’s research on gender and crime conclude? a. Abuse, race, and class are factors contributing to the criminal behaviour of many of the women. b. Most crimes committed by women are “crimes of passion” enacted on the spur of the moment. c. Women do commit the same types and numbers of crimes as men; they just don’t get caught as often. d. Women’s crime rates are increasing significantly as a result of the feminist movement. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 183 BLM: Remember 42. What perspective would make the argument that prisons punish through technology? a. conflict b. feminist c. functionalist d. postmodern ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 184 BLM: Higher Order 43. An interest in women and deviance in the 1970s led to what kind of theory of female crime? a. feminist b. postmodern c. emancipation d. conflict ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 183 BLM: Remember 44. The law divides crime into which of the following groups? a. street, occupational, organized, and political crimes b. summary convictions and indictable offences c. misdemeanors and felonies d. street crimes and suite crimes ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 201 BLM: Remember 45. What type of crime is typically punished by a fine of up to $2,000 and/or six months in jail? a. a felony b. a summary conviction c. an indictable offence d. a tort ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 201 BLM: Remember 46. Brett is convicted of sexual assault with a weapon. How does the law classify his crime? a. as a felony b. as a summary conviction c. as an indictable offence d. as a tort ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 201 BLM: Higher Order 47. In terms of crime prevention, what theory is most likely to propose that a recreation centre offer art and sports programming to at-risk youth? a. Sutherland’s differential association theory b. Lemert’s labelling theory c. Cloward and Ohlin’s opportunity theory d. Hirschi’s social control theory ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Higher Order 48. In terms of crime prevention, what theory is most likely to suggest volunteering with Big Brothers or Big Sisters to help develop a social bond with a young person? a. Merton’s strain theory b. Lemert’s labelling theory c. Cloward and Ohlin’s opportunity theory d. Hirschi’s social control theory ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Higher Order 49. All Jamie’s friends wear name-brand clothing. Which theory would argue that Jamie’s theft of clothes can be attributed to his inability to obtain the same style as his friends? a. opportunity theory b. social control theory c. differential association theory d. strain theory ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 176 BLM: Higher Order 50. Which theory assumes that deviance is learned in interactions with people who have favourable attitudes toward crime? a. opportunity theory b. social control theory c. differential association theory d. strain theory ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 177–178 BLM: Remember 51. Your sociology professor uses the phrase “Knowledge is power” several times a week. She is, in all likelihood, which of the following? a. a feminist b. a conflict theorist c. a functionalist d. a postmodernist ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 184 BLM: Higher Order  52. What type of crime involves illegal acts committed by an organization’s employees on behalf of the organization and with its support? a. corporate b. occupational c. political d. conventional ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 186 BLM: Remember 53. A big-box store advertises a toaster for the low price of $10 (with no intention of selling it). When customers arrive, they are told that the item is not what they need, and that the more expensive toaster, at $45, is much better. How would a sociologist classify this crime? a. as a white-collar crime b. as an occupational crime c. as a corporate crime d. as a property crime ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 186 BLM: Higher Order 54. What kind of crime is a legitimate business involved in when it “fronts” for criminal activity such as racketeering? a. a street crime b. a political crime c. a corporate crime d. an organized crime ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 186 BLM: Higher Order 55. What is the main difference between occupational crime and corporate crime? a. Occupational crime is much more prevalent than corporate crime. b. Corporate crime is done to benefit the corporation, while occupational crime is designed to benefit only the criminal. c. Corporate crime is not that costly in terms of lives lost and injuries incurred. d. There is no difference; they mean exactly the same thing. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 187 BLM: Remember 56. Which of the following does the text cite as a reason for many employers being reluctant to implement required safety measures? a. The costs involved are extremely high. b. The penalties for violating workplace health and safety laws are so light. c. Unsafe and illegal working conditions are almost unheard of in our closely regulated country. d. Government enforcement of rules is very lax. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 188 BLM: Remember  57. What kind of crime is a business operation committing when it supplies illegal goods and services for profit? a. a corporate crime b. a political crime c. an organized crime d. an occupational crime ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 188 BLM: Remember 58. Why does organized crime thrive? a. There is great demand for illegal goods and services. b. There are few other illegitimate opportunities. c. Gang-related killings are on the decline. d. It remains extremely difficult to infiltrate the world of legitimate business. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 188 BLM: Remember 59. A politician awards government contracts to a company in which he has financial interests. What is this an example of? a. white-collar crime b. political crime c. occupational crime d. organized crime ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 189 BLM: Higher Order 60. What is political crime? a. illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by government officials, or those perpetrated against the government by outsiders b. illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs c. a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit d. an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by participants, such as prostitution, illegal gambling, the use of illegal drugs, and illegal pornography ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 189 BLM: Remember 61. What is the most important source of information on crimes reported in Canada? a. Law Enforcement Administration System b. Canadian Criminological Society c. Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting System d. Statistics Canada Census Bureau Annual Report ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 189 BLM: Remember  62. What is a major weakness in the information contained in Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting (CUCR) system? a. Police statistics always overestimate the amount of crime, because of the high number of false alarms. b. Victims often exaggerate or report crimes that never occurred. c. Police statistics always underreport the actual amount of crime. d. The vast majority of offences reported in the CUCR come from criminals, and police are reluctant to trust their information. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 189 BLM: Remember 63. In the largest Canadian victimization survey, what percentage of the victimizations reported by respondents had been reported to police? a. approximately 10 percent b. approximately 25 percent c. approximately 40 percent d. approximately 70 percent ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 192 BLM: Remember 64. Why are victimization surveys more accurate crime statistics than police records? a. Police records provide information only from offenders, not victims. b. Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported. c. People are more inclined to remember minor types of crime on victimization surveys. d. Police records can be problematic because police tend not to get many reports from victims. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 191 BLM: Remember 65. How does the text explain the increase in violent crime during the late 1980s and early 1990s? a. Violence against women is now reported more often than in the past, b. There were many more assaults and murders during this time period than ever before. c. A high proportion of crimes are committed by immigrants, and immigration has been increasing for the last 30 years. d. There is an increase in the use of sophisticated technology that can track violent crime. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 194 BLM: Remember 66. In general, who commits most property crimes? a. people between the ages of 35 and 44 b. people between the ages of 25 and 34 c. people between the ages of 15 and 18 d. people between the ages of 12 and 14 ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 190 BLM: Remember 67. What age group commonly commits violent crimes? a. people between the ages of 12 and 14 b. people between the ages of 15 and 18 c. people between the ages of 25 and 34 d. people between the ages of 35 and 44 ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 190 BLM: Remember 68. What characteristic of the offender is one of the most significant factors associated with crime and deviance? a. age b. attitude c. level of education d. socioeconomic status ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 191 BLM: Remember 69. Why does crime tend to decrease with age? a. It is more likely for older people to be caught and charged with a crime. . b. Maturation reform occurs by age 15. c. As we age, we begin to acquire commitments and obligations that limit our freedom to choose a lifestyle that includes crime and other forms of deviance. d. Adolescence is a time when young people solidify their attachment to parents. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 191 BLM: Remember 70. What does the text claim about age and crime? a. The relationship between age and criminality is negligible. b. There is no relationship between age and criminality in most societies. c. The relationship between age and criminality is unique to Canada. d. The relationship between age and criminality exists in almost every society. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 191 BLM: Remember 71. What percentage of those charged with crimes in Canada are men? a. 55 percent b. 60 percent c. 75 percent d. 80 percent ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 192 BLM: Remember 72. What is important to consider when examining the relationship between social class and crime? a. Crime increases during times of high unemployment. b. Poor countries have higher rates of crime than rich countries. c. We do not have the data to adequately assess the relationship between class and crime. d. Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 193 BLM: Remember 73. According to the text’s discussion of the relationship between social class and crime, which of the following is accurate? a. Degree of inequality is a better predictor of crime than amount of poverty. b. Self-report findings indicate that class and crime are highly correlated. c. Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics. d. There is no evidence that forms of deviance, such as suicide, alcoholism, mental illness, and drug addiction are more common among the underclass. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 193 BLM: Remember 74. What did the 1993 National Violence Against Women Survey find? a. Men with university degrees assaulted their wives more often than men with a high-school education. b. Men who were unemployed were much less likely to assault their wives than men who were employed. c. Men who made less than $15,000 per year were much more likely to assault their wives than men with higher incomes. d. Wife assault was actually most common in the very highest income levels. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 194 BLM: Remember 75. In 2006, Aboriginal people made up about 4 percent of the total population in Canada, but accounted for what percentage of admissions to provincial prisons and federal prisons, respectively? a. 4 percent provincially and 10 percent federally b. 8 percent provincially and 15 percent federally c. 20 percent provincially and 15 percent federally d. 24 percent provincially and 18 percent federally ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 194 BLM: Remember 76. How does the text explain high rates of criminality among Aboriginal people? a. Canada’s Aboriginal people have far more power and resources than other Canadians and use it through crime. b. Forced attendance at residential schools and forced adoption outside the community has worked to strengthen family ties. c. Crippling rates of unemployment in many areas mean no job ties, and school curricula that are irrelevant to the lives of Aboriginal students mean few school ties. d. Symbolic interactionism is more powerful an explanation than conflict and social control theories. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: page 194–195 BLM: Remember  77. Which province/territory in Canada has the highest crime rate? a. Ontario b. Prince Edward Island c. Quebec d. Northwest Territories ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: page 197 BLM: Remember 78. Which province/territory in Canada has the lowest crime rate? a. New Brunswick b. Ontario c. Saskatchewan d. Alberta ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: page 197 BLM: Remember 79. A police officer is witness to a disturbance. She assesses the situation and determines that there are no reasonable grounds to lay a charge. What has she exercised? a. discretion b. optional processing c. reasonable suspicion d. probable cause ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: page 198 BLM: Higher Order 80. What ties together the diverse activities of the police? a. The police have authority to intervene immediately, which is backed by non-negotiable force. b. The police have the au