Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 1. Which statement about biological diversity is FALSE? a. The plant kingdom includes species as relatively simple as algae and as complex as sequoias. b. No species can live in seemingly hostile environments such as hot springs and glaciers. c. Animal kingdom species range from nearly microscopic to very large. d. Organisms such as protozoa, yeast, and bacteria are present with great diversity in water and soil. e. Microscopic organisms can live on or within larger organisms. ANSWER: b 2. What are molecules A and B called, if molecule A is large and transforms into a low-molecular-weight molecule B? a. A and B are both biological macromolecules. b. A and B are both metabolites. c. A is a biological macromolecule and B is a metabolite. d. A is a metabolite and B is a biological macromolecule. e. A is a protein and B is deoxyribonucleic acid. ANSWER: c 3. Which animal metabolic process is highly similar to the plant process of capturing and converting light energy? a. capturing energy released from acid dissociation b. capturing energy released from DNA double helix formation c. capturing energy released from resisting the change in pH d. capturing energy released from glucose breakdown e. capturing energy released from the breakage of noncovalent bonds ANSWER: d 4. When did life on Earth begin and when did human beings emerge, respectively? a. 3 billion years ago and 1 billion years ago b. 3.5 billion years ago and 0.5 billion years ago c. 3.5 billion years ago and 0.2 billion years ago d. 3.5 billion years ago and less than 0.1 billion years ago e. 3.5 billion years ago and 0.1 billion years ago ANSWER: d 5. What are the main paths of the tree of life? a. eukarya and prokarya b. eukarya and archea c. bacteria, prokarya, eukarya, and archea d. bacteria and eukarya e. bacteria, eukarya, and archea ANSWER: e (Biochemistry, 10e Jeremy Berg, Gregory Gatto, Justin Hines, John Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer)
(Test Bank Latest Edition 2023-24, Grade A+, 100% Verified) Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 6. Which statement about DNA structure is INCORRECT? a. It is a branched polymer with a flexible backbone. b. The DNA backbone is built of repeating sugar–phosphate units. c. Each DNA strand has directionality due to identical orientation of the sugar–phosphate units. d. Each sugar is connected to two phosphate groups through different linkages. e. Its structure is a double helix composed of two intertwined strands. ANSWER: a 7. What makes water a versatile solvent? a. stabilization of large molecular complexes b. ease of breaking different bonds c. irreversible breakage of different bonds d. simultaneous formation of a large number of hydrogen bonds e. stabilization by large molecular complexes ANSWER: d 8. Which statement about covalent bonds is INCORRECT? a. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between adjacent atoms. b. If more than one electron pair is shared, then a covalent bond becomes stronger. c. Existence of several resonance structures of nearly equal energies decreases stability of a compound. d. Some molecules possess several patterns of covalent bonding. e. The key properties of a bond are length and energy. ANSWER: c 9. What is the energy of an ionic interaction? a. the product of a proportionality constant and charges of two atoms divided by the product of the dielectric constant and the distance between atoms b. the product of the dielectric constant and a sum of two charges divided by the product of the proportionality constant and the distance between charges c. the product of the dielectric constant and the distance between atoms divided by the product of the proportional ity constant and charges of two atoms d. the product of the dielectric constant and two charges subtracted from the product of the proportionality constant and the distance between charges e. the difference between the proportionality constant and charges of two atoms multiplied by the dielectric constant ANSWER: a 10. What is the reason for the existence of the hydrophobic effect? a. the tendency of water molecules to make a bond with hydrophobic proteins b. the tendency of polar molecules to self-associate in the presence of an aqueous solution c. the tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in the presence of an aqueous solution Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 d. the inability of charged molecules to dissolve in water e. the property of nucleic acids to dissolve in water ANSWER: c 11. Which statement about noncovalent bonds is CORRECT? a. Five fundamental noncovalent bonds differ in their geometry, strength, and specificity. b. In the strongest hydrogen bonds, all their components lie along a straight line. c. The transient asymmetry in the electronic charge distribution of one atom can induce a complementary asymmetry in the neighboring atoms due to hydrophobic interactions. d. The release of water from more ordered structures is unfavorable. e. Very strong repulsive forces become dominant at distances greater than the van der Waals contact distance. ANSWER: b 12. Which statement about ionic interactions in the formation of the DNA double helix is CORRECT? a. Separation of negatively charged phosphate groups with distances greater than 10 Å prevents unfavorable interactions. b. Only favorable ionic interactions take place when two strands of DNA come together. c. Ionic interactions cause the formation of the double helix. d. Disposition of negatively charged phosphate groups with distances greater than 10 Å provides only favorable interactions. e. Some unfavorable ionic interactions take place when two strands of DNA come together. ANSWER: e 13. Which statement about the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA double helix formation is INCORRECT? a. The hydrophobic effect contributes to the favorability of base stacking. b. Hydrogen bonds contribute greatly to the overall process of double helix formation. c. There are more hydrogen bonds with water than bonds between the bases in single -stranded DNA. d. When two single strands come together, hydrogen bonds with water are broken and new hydrogen bonds between the bases of two DNA strands are formed. e. Hydrogen bonds contribute greatly to the specificity of bases binding. ANSWER: b 14. Which statement about nonpolar interactions in the formation of the DNA double helix is INCORRECT? a. Van der Waals interactions are nearly optimal in a double -helical structure. b. Nonpolar surfaces of the bases are moved into contact with each other due to a more complete base stacking. c. Nucleotide bases tend to stack even in single -stranded DNA molecules. d. The separation distance of the planes of adjacent bases needs to be adjusted for the favorable van der Waals contacts. e. Surface complementarity maximizes the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions while minimizing the nonpolar surface area exposed to the aqueous environment. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 ANSWER: d 15. What is FALSE regarding the laws of thermodynamics? a. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. b. The local decrease in enthalpy will increase the entropy of the surroundings. c. Heat is a manifestation of the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of molecules. d. Within chemical systems, potential energy is related to the likelihood that atom s will store energy in some form. e. Ordered structures can be formed within a system only if the entropy of the surroundings will proportionally increase. ANSWER: d 16. The heat content of a system is called: a. entropy. b. enthalpy. c. kinetic energy. d. potential enthalpy. e. kinetic entropy. ANSWER: b 17. Why does a spontaneous chemical process always increase the entropy of the universe? a. The system entropy will increase if and only if the entropy of surroundings is greater than the ratio of the heat transferred to the surroundings and their temperature. b. The total entropy will increase if and only if the product of temperature and the change in system entropy is lower than zero. c. The total entropy will increase if and only if the change in enthalpy is lower than zero. d. The system enthalpy will increase only when the change in temperature is greater than zero. e. The total entropy will increase if and only if the entro py of a system is greater than the ratio of the heat transferred to surroundings and their temperature. ANSWER: e 18. How was the fact that formation of the double helix does not violate the second law of thermodynamics experimentally confirmed? a. in a water bath monitoring the change in entropy to check whether it remains constant b. in a water bath monitoring the change in heat to sustain a constant temperature in the bath c. in a water bath monitoring the change in entropy to sustain a constant temperature in the bath d. in a water bath monitoring the free energy to sustain constant heat content in the bath e. in a water bath monitoring the change in heat to sustain constant Gibbs energy in the bath ANSWER: b 19. A proton exists in a solution as: a. H+.
(Test Bank Latest Edition 2023-24, Grade A+, 100% Verified) Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 6. Which statement about DNA structure is INCORRECT? a. It is a branched polymer with a flexible backbone. b. The DNA backbone is built of repeating sugar–phosphate units. c. Each DNA strand has directionality due to identical orientation of the sugar–phosphate units. d. Each sugar is connected to two phosphate groups through different linkages. e. Its structure is a double helix composed of two intertwined strands. ANSWER: a 7. What makes water a versatile solvent? a. stabilization of large molecular complexes b. ease of breaking different bonds c. irreversible breakage of different bonds d. simultaneous formation of a large number of hydrogen bonds e. stabilization by large molecular complexes ANSWER: d 8. Which statement about covalent bonds is INCORRECT? a. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between adjacent atoms. b. If more than one electron pair is shared, then a covalent bond becomes stronger. c. Existence of several resonance structures of nearly equal energies decreases stability of a compound. d. Some molecules possess several patterns of covalent bonding. e. The key properties of a bond are length and energy. ANSWER: c 9. What is the energy of an ionic interaction? a. the product of a proportionality constant and charges of two atoms divided by the product of the dielectric constant and the distance between atoms b. the product of the dielectric constant and a sum of two charges divided by the product of the proportionality constant and the distance between charges c. the product of the dielectric constant and the distance between atoms divided by the product of the proportional ity constant and charges of two atoms d. the product of the dielectric constant and two charges subtracted from the product of the proportionality constant and the distance between charges e. the difference between the proportionality constant and charges of two atoms multiplied by the dielectric constant ANSWER: a 10. What is the reason for the existence of the hydrophobic effect? a. the tendency of water molecules to make a bond with hydrophobic proteins b. the tendency of polar molecules to self-associate in the presence of an aqueous solution c. the tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in the presence of an aqueous solution Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 d. the inability of charged molecules to dissolve in water e. the property of nucleic acids to dissolve in water ANSWER: c 11. Which statement about noncovalent bonds is CORRECT? a. Five fundamental noncovalent bonds differ in their geometry, strength, and specificity. b. In the strongest hydrogen bonds, all their components lie along a straight line. c. The transient asymmetry in the electronic charge distribution of one atom can induce a complementary asymmetry in the neighboring atoms due to hydrophobic interactions. d. The release of water from more ordered structures is unfavorable. e. Very strong repulsive forces become dominant at distances greater than the van der Waals contact distance. ANSWER: b 12. Which statement about ionic interactions in the formation of the DNA double helix is CORRECT? a. Separation of negatively charged phosphate groups with distances greater than 10 Å prevents unfavorable interactions. b. Only favorable ionic interactions take place when two strands of DNA come together. c. Ionic interactions cause the formation of the double helix. d. Disposition of negatively charged phosphate groups with distances greater than 10 Å provides only favorable interactions. e. Some unfavorable ionic interactions take place when two strands of DNA come together. ANSWER: e 13. Which statement about the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA double helix formation is INCORRECT? a. The hydrophobic effect contributes to the favorability of base stacking. b. Hydrogen bonds contribute greatly to the overall process of double helix formation. c. There are more hydrogen bonds with water than bonds between the bases in single -stranded DNA. d. When two single strands come together, hydrogen bonds with water are broken and new hydrogen bonds between the bases of two DNA strands are formed. e. Hydrogen bonds contribute greatly to the specificity of bases binding. ANSWER: b 14. Which statement about nonpolar interactions in the formation of the DNA double helix is INCORRECT? a. Van der Waals interactions are nearly optimal in a double -helical structure. b. Nonpolar surfaces of the bases are moved into contact with each other due to a more complete base stacking. c. Nucleotide bases tend to stack even in single -stranded DNA molecules. d. The separation distance of the planes of adjacent bases needs to be adjusted for the favorable van der Waals contacts. e. Surface complementarity maximizes the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions while minimizing the nonpolar surface area exposed to the aqueous environment. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 ANSWER: d 15. What is FALSE regarding the laws of thermodynamics? a. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. b. The local decrease in enthalpy will increase the entropy of the surroundings. c. Heat is a manifestation of the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of molecules. d. Within chemical systems, potential energy is related to the likelihood that atom s will store energy in some form. e. Ordered structures can be formed within a system only if the entropy of the surroundings will proportionally increase. ANSWER: d 16. The heat content of a system is called: a. entropy. b. enthalpy. c. kinetic energy. d. potential enthalpy. e. kinetic entropy. ANSWER: b 17. Why does a spontaneous chemical process always increase the entropy of the universe? a. The system entropy will increase if and only if the entropy of surroundings is greater than the ratio of the heat transferred to the surroundings and their temperature. b. The total entropy will increase if and only if the product of temperature and the change in system entropy is lower than zero. c. The total entropy will increase if and only if the change in enthalpy is lower than zero. d. The system enthalpy will increase only when the change in temperature is greater than zero. e. The total entropy will increase if and only if the entro py of a system is greater than the ratio of the heat transferred to surroundings and their temperature. ANSWER: e 18. How was the fact that formation of the double helix does not violate the second law of thermodynamics experimentally confirmed? a. in a water bath monitoring the change in entropy to check whether it remains constant b. in a water bath monitoring the change in heat to sustain a constant temperature in the bath c. in a water bath monitoring the change in entropy to sustain a constant temperature in the bath d. in a water bath monitoring the free energy to sustain constant heat content in the bath e. in a water bath monitoring the change in heat to sustain constant Gibbs energy in the bath ANSWER: b 19. A proton exists in a solution as: a. H+.
