Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 –
Q’s & A’s
function of mitochondria ✔️Ans - ATP production/cellular respiration,
powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded
with ribosomes.
Smooth ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is
free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis ✔️Ans - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood
glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy ✔️Ans - increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive
development
atrophy ✔️Ans - the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any
progressive decline or failure; to waste away
Ischemia ✔️Ans - an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the
body, especially the heart muscles.
S/S of Objective Data ✔️Ans - Any observations made by using your
senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data ✔️Ans - Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the
pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine ✔️Ans - Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla
in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
Renin ✔️Ans - hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure
by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
,What causes edema? ✔️Ans - -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess ✔️Ans - edema, dysnpea (trouble
breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration ✔️Ans - Dry mucous membranes,
decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT,
decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia ✔️Ans - - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial
twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood
pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis ✔️Ans - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
Diffusion ✔️Ans - Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
active transport ✔️Ans - Energy-requiring process that moves material
across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution ✔️Ans - cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution ✔️Ans - cell swells and can burst
active immunity ✔️Ans - A form of acquired immunity in which the body
produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
, passive immunity ✔️Ans - An individual does not produce his or her
own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source,
such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity ✔️Ans - natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity ✔️Ans - IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present only after
exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity ✔️Ans - 1) having the infection 2)
vaccination
innate immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present before exposure and
effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity ✔️Ans - skin, hair, cilia, mucus
membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response,
fever, inflammation
5 P's of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - pain, pallor, pulselessness,
paralysis, paresthesia
Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - severe pain or
burning sensation
decreased strength in the extremity
paralysis of the extremity
pain with movement
extremity feeling hard to palpation
distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal
emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first:
immobilize and splint the affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice
it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the
limb if compartment syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively
Osteoarthritis ✔️Ans - inflammation of the bones and joints
Q’s & A’s
function of mitochondria ✔️Ans - ATP production/cellular respiration,
powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded
with ribosomes.
Smooth ER ✔️Ans - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is
free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis ✔️Ans - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood
glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy ✔️Ans - increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive
development
atrophy ✔️Ans - the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any
progressive decline or failure; to waste away
Ischemia ✔️Ans - an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the
body, especially the heart muscles.
S/S of Objective Data ✔️Ans - Any observations made by using your
senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data ✔️Ans - Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the
pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine ✔️Ans - Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla
in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
Renin ✔️Ans - hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure
by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
,What causes edema? ✔️Ans - -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess ✔️Ans - edema, dysnpea (trouble
breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration ✔️Ans - Dry mucous membranes,
decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT,
decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia ✔️Ans - - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial
twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood
pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis ✔️Ans - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
Diffusion ✔️Ans - Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
active transport ✔️Ans - Energy-requiring process that moves material
across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution ✔️Ans - cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution ✔️Ans - cell swells and can burst
active immunity ✔️Ans - A form of acquired immunity in which the body
produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
, passive immunity ✔️Ans - An individual does not produce his or her
own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source,
such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity ✔️Ans - natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity ✔️Ans - IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present only after
exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity ✔️Ans - 1) having the infection 2)
vaccination
innate immunity ✔️Ans - Immunity that is present before exposure and
effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity ✔️Ans - skin, hair, cilia, mucus
membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response,
fever, inflammation
5 P's of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - pain, pallor, pulselessness,
paralysis, paresthesia
Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome ✔️Ans - severe pain or
burning sensation
decreased strength in the extremity
paralysis of the extremity
pain with movement
extremity feeling hard to palpation
distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal
emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first:
immobilize and splint the affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice
it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the
limb if compartment syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively
Osteoarthritis ✔️Ans - inflammation of the bones and joints
