Transformations Women Gender And Psychology 3rd Edition by Mary Crawford - Test Bank

Transformations: Women, Gender and Psychology, 3e (Crawford) Chapter 1 Paving the Way 1) Psychologists began to realize that most psychological knowledge about women and gender was ________. A) created by men B) anti-woman C) male-centered D) misogynistic 2) In the mid-1800s in the U.S., a First Wave feminist movement emerged. It reached its peak with the ________, then lost momentum in the ________. A) Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848; 1920s after women won the vote B) Rochester Declaration of 1862; 1930s when women lost the ERA C) Rochester Declaration of 1880; 1920s after women won the vote D) Seneca Falls Declaration of 1870; 1930s when women lost the ERA 3) In the late '60s/early '70s, some psychologists lobbied the American Psychological Association to form the ________, which was officially approved in 1973. A) Association for Women in Psychology (AWP) B) Division of the Psychology of Women (Division 35) C) Women's Studies Program (WSP) D) Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) 4) Thanks to considerable progress in the recognition and support of diverse women in psychology, women now earn ________ of the PhDs awarded in psychology, and ethnic minorities earn ________ the PhDs. A) 67 percent; 19 percent B) 74 percent; 24 percent C) 43 percent; 32 percent D) 50 percent; 25 percent 5) A feminist who emphasizes male control and domination of women is most likely a A) cultural feminist. B) radical feminist. C) liberal feminist. D) woman-of-color feminist. 6) Which of the following statements is true about feminism? A) It is defined as the belief that men do not understand women. B) It is defined as the belief that sisterhood is more important than any other relationship. C) It is be defined most simply as a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression. D) All of these answers are correct.   7) A person who believes women and men should be treated equally, supports the means to achieve this, and emphasizes the similarities between the sexes is a A) cultural feminist. B) liberal feminist. C) radical feminist. D) woman-of-color feminist. 8) ________ perspective stresses that qualities characteristic of women have been devalued and should be honored and respected in society. A) Cultural feminism B) Radical feminism C) Liberal feminism D) Woman-of-color feminism 9) A feminist who recognizes women as valuable and who believes social changes need to occur to benefit women is a A) cultural feminist. B) radical feminist. C) liberal feminist. D) woman-of-color feminist. 10) A feminist focusing on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related to global capitalism and neocolonialism is a A) radical feminist. B) liberal feminist. C) global feminist. D) cultural feminist. 11) A feminist focusing on concerns like sweatshop labor conditions, unequal access to health care and education, and forced prostitution is a A) global feminist. B) radical feminist. C) cultural feminist. D) liberal feminist. 12) Although Western society does not pressure women to undergo genital cutting or require them to veil their faces and bodies in public, in which of the following ways does the Western society restrict women's bodily freedom and integrity? A) through practices like sexual harassment in public places B) through practices like pressure to seek the perfect body through dieting C) through practices like encouraging women to undergo cosmetic surgery D) All of these answers are correct.   13) Conservatism bases its belief of traditional roles for women on A) biology. B) social context. C) religion. D) biology and religion. 14) Which of the following justifies its view of women on the grounds of biology and religion? A) womanism B) pro-feminism C) conservatism D) androcentrism 15) Can men be feminists? A) No; feminism is, by definition, a movement exclusively for women by women. B) No; men cannot understand and appreciate women's struggles. C) Yes; profeminist men can value women, working to reduce sexism. D) Yes; profeminist men can support women who are working to end sexism and sexist oppression. 16) Which of the following is a possible bias in the choice of research participants? A) Relying more on college student samples B) Selecting on the basis of age, social class, and developmental stage C) Tendency to study males and male issues more often than females and female issues D) All of these answers are correct. 17) The proportion of male-only studies has ________ since the 1970s. A) increased B) decreased C) stayed the same D) alternately increased and decreased 18) Research on ethnic minorities of both sexes is scarce EXCEPT when A) the results are applicable to majority culture. B) the emphasis is on ethnic individuals who have been assimilated into majority culture. C) the focus is social problems like teen pregnancy or crime. D) the purpose of the research is to demonstrate superiority of majority culture. 19) When documenting research in journal articles, researchers state the reasons for and limitations of having a(n) ________ sample, but little explanation is given for an ________ sample. A) all-male; all-female B) mixed-sex; all-male C) all-white; all-black D) all-female; all-male 20) Research documenting ________ is often overlooked, while research documenting ________ is sought and publicized. A) gender differences; gender similarities B) gender similarities; gender differences C) masculinity; femininity D) femininity; masculinity 21) Although experimentation is the most respected paradigm for psychological research, it may not always be ideal for research on gender because A) controlling for volunteer bias is particularly difficult in gender-related research. B) interviews may yield more accurate results. C) the researcher creates an artificial environment to manipulate participant experiences. D) people do not always follow directions given by the experimenter. 22) Although psychologists like to do experiments because they can show causation, A) interviews tend to yield more accurate results. B) case study methods may be more useful to researchers overall. C) few female researchers have been trained in the experimental. D) behavior in a laboratory may not be representative of behavior in other situations. 23) Which of the following statements is true of the beliefs of the dominant groups in a society? A) They are normative. B) They become more visible when those outside of the dominant group question them. C) They are not always recognized as values because they are so common in popular thinking. D) All of these answers are correct. 24) The core beliefs uniting feminist psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT the belief that A) universal laws of behavior are necessary. B) empirical research is important and worthwhile. C) science can never be value-neutral or fully objective. D) many external forces shape human behavior. 25) In the context of the differences and similarities among women, which of the following statements is true of feminist psychologists? A) They believe that one must not assume all women have much in common with each other simply because they are women. B) They believe that women's psychology is affected by women's social and cultural backgrounds. C) They believe that it is important to study varied groups of women. D) All of these answers are correct.   26) Feminist psychologists believe that with regard to equality with men, women A) will never be considered equal. B) have not yet achieved full equality. C) have nearly achieved full equality. D) achieved full equality in the 1960s and 1970s, but have lost many of the gains they made at that time. 27) Which of the following phrases is true of the inequalities women face and/or have faced? A) Denying women the right to vote, own property, or use public spaces B) Denying women the right to make decisions about their own bodies C) Sexist harassment and receiving less pay at work D) All of these answers are correct. 28) With regard to the popular belief "men are from Mars and women are from Venus," feminists believe A) women and men are not complete opposites of each other. B) gender similarities should always be emphasized. C) gender differences are primarily related to biology. D) the differences between women and men are greater than the differences among men or among women. 29) A woman who is wealthy and privileged may actually have more in common with A) poor women than with wealthy and privileged men. B) women from ethnic minorities than with poor women. C) wealthy and privileged men than with poor women. D) poor women than with women from ethnic minorities. 30) Which of the following statements is true about psychology? A) It has traditionally focused on altering attitudes. B) It has traditionally focused on increasing insight and self-understanding. C) It has traditionally focused on reducing or eliminating self-defeating thinking and behaviors. D) All of these answers are correct. 31) The psychology of women is particularly linked to women's A) biological instincts. B) roles as wives. C) place in society and culture. D) roles as mothers. 32) Identify a true statement about feminists. A) They believe that gender equality is possible. B) They believe that social contexts shape people's behavior. C) They believe that social contexts limit human potential. D) All of these answers are correct.   33) Which of the following statements is true about liberal feminism? A) It emphasizes the similarities between males and females, maintaining that given equal environments and opportunities, males and females will behave similarly. B) It views the control of women by men as the first and most fundamental form of oppression: women as a group are oppressed by men as a group. C) It views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as either an essential part of womanhood or so deeply socialized that they are virtually universal and unlikely to change. D) It focuses on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures, and how they are connected to neocolonialism and global capitalism. 34) According to ________, a feminist is a person who believes that women are entitled to full legal and social equality with men and who favors changes in laws, customs, and values to achieve the goal of equality. A) radical feminism B) liberal feminism C) cultural feminism D) global feminism 35) The ________ perspective has fostered research on such topics as how people react to others when they violate gender norms, how children are socialized to accept gender roles, and sex discrimination in employment. A) global feminist B) radical feminist C) liberal feminist D) cultural feminist 36) The ________ perspective views the control of women by men as the first and most fundamental form of oppression: women as a group are oppressed by men as a group. A) liberal feminist B) global feminist C) cultural feminist D) radical feminist 37) Which of the following statements is true about radical feminists? A) They believe that oppression on the basis of being a woman is one thing all women have in common. B) They focus on issues of importance to minority communities: poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education. C) They stress that qualities characteristic of women have been devalued and should be honored and respected in society. D) They focus on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures, and how they are connected to neocolonialism and global capitalism. 38) People who adopt ________ perspective emphasize the effects of racial stereotyping. A) liberal feminist B) women-of-color feminist C) cultural feminist D) global feminist 39) ________ views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as either an essential part of womanhood or so deeply socialized that they are virtually universal and unlikely to change. A) Radical feminism B) Liberal feminism C) Cultural feminism D) Global feminism 40) Which of the following statements is true about quantitative methods of research in psychology? A) They include methods like case study and ethnography, in which the researcher works within a community and tries to learn its customs and traditions. B) They include methods like interviews and focus groups that are most often used in psychology and women's studies. C) They explore a topic in an open-ended way, without trying to systematically count or manipulate behaviors. D) They involve measuring behavior, averaging it over a group of people, and comparing groups with statistical tests. 41) Identify a true statement about qualitative methods of research in psychology. A) They explore a topic in an open-ended way, without trying to systematically count or manipulate behaviors. B) They determine whether two or more variables are related to each other, but they fail to determine whether that relationship is causal. C) They allow for the use of random samples, so that the results can be generalized, or applied to more people than just the few who were studied. D) They include methods such as surveys that report the beliefs, attitudes, or opinions of groups of people. 42) In a research process, a researcher should start by A) collecting and analyzing data so that patterns of results become clear. B) generating a question to be answered by gathering information systematically. C) devising materials such as questionnaires or laboratory setups. D) choosing research participants.   43) Which of the following is a procedure that allows psychologists to systematically manipulate one or more variables to determine whether there is a causal relationship among them? A) archival research B) interview C) experiment D) discourse analysis 44) Which of the following statements is true about womanism? A) It stresses that qualities characteristic of women have been devalued and should be honored and respected in society. B) It views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as either an essential part. of womanhood or so deeply socialized that they are virtually universal and unlikely to change. C) It emphasizes male control and domination throughout history. D) It focuses on issues of importance to minority communities: poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education. 45) Which of the following statements is true about cultural feminism? A) It has been useful in understanding the importance of unpaid work contributed by women, such as caring for the young, the ill, and the elderly. B) It endorses separatism, the idea that women can escape patriarchy only by creating their own woman-only communities. C) It began with criticism of the White women's movement for excluding women of color. D) It is especially concerned with issues such as sweatshop labor, unequal access to health care and education, sex trafficking, and violence against girls and women in developing countries. 46) Describe how a feminist approach is employed in research. How does this approach differ from traditional ones? 47) Give several examples of ways in which women have historically been marginalized. 48) Define androcentrism. Give examples of androcentric biases in psychology. 49) How is feminist psychology similar to and different from "regular" psychology? 50) The kind of feminism emphasizing full legal and social equality for women and men is called ________, whereas the kind of feminism analyzing male control and dominance is called ________. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two perspectives. 51) Briefly explain what is meant by the statement, "Science can never be fully objective or value-neutral." 52) Briefly explain the origin of the psychology of women.   53) Why is it important to include women of diverse backgrounds in studies of and theories about women? 54) Explain how and why sexism can and should be avoided in at least three of the following stages of the research process—question formulation, research design, data analysis, and interpretation and publication of results. 55) What values unite feminist psychologists? Why are these values important if we are to have accurate descriptions of women's and men's lives? 56) What measures can man take to support feminist goals? 57) If you are a feminist, or if you had to call yourself a feminist, which kind of feminism would you ascribe to and why? 58) Compare and contrast each of the different types of feminism. What does each type of feminism stand for? 59) How has the women's movement affected psychology? How has psychology affected the women's movement? 60) What does AWP stand for, and what is its purpose? 61) Briefly explain how woman-of-color feminism, or womanism, began. 62) Radical feminism has fostered much research on ________ and ________. Why is this important? 63) Which issue is the "third wave" of feminism dealing with? 64) Briefly describe Mary Calkins' experience in the academic world and her contributions to early U.S. psychology. What do proponents of conservatism believe, and how have those views changed over the years? 65) Discuss the concept of intersectionality. Give an example. Transformations: Women, Gender and Psychology, 3e (Crawford) Chapter 3 Images of Women 1) The word pair "lord and lady" is an example of A) the definition of women. B) the masculine generic. C) terms of endearment. D) terms that devalue women. 2) The devaluation of the female gender can be seen in A) the word pair "master and mistress." B) the generic "he." C) the word pair Mr. and Mrs. D) the terms "male professional" and "female professional." 3) Which of the following statements is true about slang referring to women? A) They are likely to have sexual meaning. B) They are likely to be analogous to art objects. C) They are likely to be similar to parts of plants. D) All of these answers are correct. 4) An example of linguistic sexism in English is the A) use of the term "suffragist." B) description of a woman versus a man as a professor. C) use of terms such as "poet" or "actor" for both sexes. D) use of the term "man" to refer to humans in general. 5) Research on masculine generics has shown that A) the masculine terms are unbiased shortcuts under most conditions. B) the masculine terms are not truly generic. C) the masculine terms conjure male images for many, but awareness dissolves negative effects. D) no simple conclusions can be drawn from the research. 6) Which of the following is measured as the proportion of the overall image devoted to the face when the media represent men and women? A) face-ism B) body-ism C) man-ism D) woman-ism 7) Who among the following had the lowest face-ism index of all? A) European women B) Black men C) Black women D) Italian men 8) In the largest study of face-ism to date, Konrath et al. (2012) used 6610 politicians' official website photographs from 25 countries to explore the relationship between face-ism and the level of gender equality in each country. They found that there was more face-ism A) in cultures where there were more educated men than women. B) in the more gender-equal cultures. C) in female-dominant societies. D) in evoked cultures. 9) Which of the following best exemplifies television sexism? A) showing more male than female characters B) showing older female characters as compared to younger male characters C) portraying more female characters than male characters disguised as demons D) All of these answers are correct. 10) According to Fredrickson and Roberts (1997), when a woman is objectified, she is being A) treated as a body or a collection of body parts. B) considered as a person with thoughts and feelings of her own. C) valued only if she is knowledgeable about linguistic sexism. D) treated at par with her male counterpart. 11) Which of the following statements is true about the latest version of the ideal woman who is size 4 in the hips, 2 in the waist, and 10 in the bust? A) It rarely occurs in nature and must be created through surgical intervention. B) It occurs naturally in only 10 percent of women. C) It is called the "Barbie Ideal." D) All of these answers are correct. 12) Identify a true statement about body image. A) The concerns associated with body image begin in adulthood for men. B) Women are more strongly invested in their physical appearance than men are. C) Men are more dissatisfied with their bodies than women are. D) The levels of body dissatisfaction vary significantly for White, Asian American, and Hispanic women. 13) Which of the following terms refers both to the mental picture one has of one's appearance and the associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness of one's body? A) body image B) objectification C) appearance schematics D) None of these answers is correct.   14) Numerous experiments that have exposed women to images of attractive models and then measured their self-esteem, perceptions of their own attractiveness, and mood have found significant negative effects. Which of the following factors is most likely to cause these effects? A) the effect of the male gaze B) the social comparison process C) the embodiment of beauty D) All of these answers are correct. 15) According to a study of African-American college students conducted by Watson et al. (2013), who among the following were most able to resist the negative effects of the portrayals of women in media on their body image? A) those who belonged to relatively gender-equal cultures B) those with a multiculturally inclusive outlook C) women of color D) White college students 16) When girls and women learn to "internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves," they are most likely ________. A) engaging in self-gratification B) engaging in self-objectification C) to have a high level of self-appreciation D) to have a high face-ism index 17) Feelings that women have about the size, shape, and attractiveness of their bodies are part of their A) appearance schematics. B) embodiments. C) body images. D) frailty myths. 18) Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) explain that women perceive themselves as objects that exist to be evaluated by others; they call it A) the male gaze. B) gender schematics. C) beauty maintenance. D) objectification theory. 19) Which of the following is true about articles on female politicians, athletes, and authors that prioritize women's appearances? A) The articles objectify these females. B) The articles gender mark these females. C) The articles embody these females. D) None of these answers is correct.   20) Identify a true statement about images of women athletes. A) They usually underplay women's femininity and heterosexual appeal. B) They often deemphasize women's abilities. C) They frequently depict women engaged in their sports. D) They generally present women athletes as housekeepers and maids. 21) Idealized images of feminine beauty have changed with the fashions, but what hasn't changed is the fact that A) all require substantial modification of women's natural appearance. B) all are initiated by men. C) all include women with long hair. D) all include women wearing high heels. 22) The contemporary ideal is characterized by extreme ________ many current models meet the weight criteria for ________. A) curviness; a Barbie-doll body B) fleshiness; normal body weight C) thinness; anorexia D) curviness; normal body weight 23) In media, which of the following is true of women of color? A) They are highly likely to be given leading roles in movies. B) They are less likely than White women to be featured in women's magazines. C) They are highly likely to be featured in TV shows and ads. D) They are less likely than White women to be depicted as maids or housekeepers in TV shows. 24) In an analysis of sitcoms, the behavior of male characters toward heavy women showed that it is socially acceptable to ________ overweight women. A) ignore B) yell at C) ridicule D) slap 25) According to Puhl et al. (2013), which of the following has increased by 66 percent in the past decade for women and is now on par with rates of racial discrimination? A) economic inequality B) discrimination in career opportunities C) the possibility of mental health issues D) the prevalence of weight discrimination   26) According to media critics, which of the following statements is true of TV shows? A) Working-class and poor women in particular are singled out for disdain or, at best, pity in the media. B) People on TV actually work for a living instead of hanging out with friends. C) Women are called upon to comment on issues of poverty on talk shows. D) The characters bear a close resemblance to the working-class characters and sitcoms of the past. 27) In the print media, newspapers and magazines feature poor women (particularly women of color) in stories about A) racism. B) welfare reform. C) the need for education. D) illiteracy. 28) Often, media commentary focuses on women athletes' ________. A) mental abilities B) physical appearance and sex appeal C) privilege and power D) strength and training 29) On afternoon talk shows, which of the following best describes working-class women? A) out of control B) belligerent C) victims of dysfunctional families D) All of these answers are correct. 30) Even when women have the authority to be heard, their A) children's names are part of their introduction. B) appearance is paramount. C) parents' occupations take precedence. D) occupation is of utmost importance. 31) Which of the following statements most accurately describes a schema? A) It refers to people who are weak during birth and are underdeveloped until the age of 15. B) It refers to innate prejudices mediating cognitive and perceptual experiences. C) It is a mental framework that guides people as they experience the world around them. D) It is an irrational image mostly found in very neurotic people. 32) Which of the following is NOT a gender stereotype? A) Women are more graceful than men. B) Women are innately more qualified to take care of children than are men. C) Men tend to be inherently bigger than women physically. D) Men are better managers than women.   33) According to the most recent studies conducted by Andreoletti et al. (2015) and Haines et al. (2016), which of the following personality traits is considered characteristic of men rather than women? A) self-effacing B) self-objectifying C) affective and communal D) instrumental and agentic 34) Women who are particularly strong, either in personality or physical skills, are likely to be stereotyped as A) lesbians. B) politicians. C) conservatives. D) being married. 35) Which of the following is NOT one of the four main subtypes of the female role? A) housewife B) athletic woman C) sexy woman D) friendly woman 36) Which of the following negative stereotypes is related to archetypes of Black women? A) Mammy B) Jezebel C) Sapphire D) All of these answers are correct. 37) Which of the following statements is true of the Jezebel, a stereotypical subtype of Black women? A) It is the prototype of a happy slave whose huge breasts and perpetual smile symbolize her role as nurturer. B) It is the prototype of a domineering, aggressive, strong, and unfeminine woman. C) It is a stereotype of a highly sexed Black woman who is portrayed as immoral, seductive, and promiscuous. D) It is a stereotype of a woman with dark complexion, bandana-covered hair, broad features, and a fat body, marking her as asexual. 38) Which of the following is true of the representation of the Jezebel stereotype in music videos, hip-hop music, advertising, and pornography today? A) The Jezebel stereotype is represented as the hoochie or the "ho." B) The Jezebel stereotype is represented in characters like Aunt Jemima. C) The Jezebel stereotype is represented as the warm, smiling nurturer. D) None of these answers is correct.   39) Which of the following is a limitation of stereotyping? A) People do not think that women and men differ on average, and they also do not allow for overlap. B) Although most people know the stereotypes, not everyone believes them. C) Stereotypes tend to have the least influence when one registers a first impression of a stranger. D) The activation of stereotypes in people's minds is under their conscious control, and it cannot happen if people don't believe the stereotypes. 40) Identify the important features of stereotype threat. A) Stereotypes influence one's behavior only if one believes in the stereotype. B) Stereotype threat affects the members of any group for whom there are positive or negative stereotypes. C) Stereotype threat mostly affects individuals who care about their performance in the threatened domain. D) All of these answers are correct. 41) Which of the following situations would most likely lead to a stereotype threat? A) Tell women who are taking a flower-arranging test that there are no gender differences in test performances. B) Show TV ads of women in nontraditional roles to a group of women before they take a word quiz. C) Tell White male college students that Asian males tend to do better than Whites in math before a difficult math test. D) Conduct math tests for women in an all-female group rather than a mixed-sex group. 42) Which of the following best describes stereotype threat in terms of math performance? A) Women stereotype their own math abilities. B) The fear of confirming the stereotype that women are bad at math is likely to have a negative effect on women's math performances. C) Boys and men stereotyping girls' and women's math abilities more than girls and women do. D) None of the answers is correct. 43) Which of the following is a less prejudiced person most likely to do when stereotypes are activated by our culture? A) stop and think about the stereotypes B) replace the stereotypes with more accurate information C) make conscious choices not to stereotype D) All of these answers are correct. 44) Provide evidence of the animal = male bias. 45) Provide examples of terms that were originally intended to pay respect to women, and explain how they have taken on new meanings and have become lower in status.   46) How do our society's norms about appearances and social roles for women and men relate to stereotypes about gays and lesbians? 47) Are attitudes toward women and men changing? Support your answer with evidence. 48) Give examples of negative or trivializing views of women encoded in language. 49) During a family discussion, 12-year-old Brian mentions that all ugly girls are stupid. Explain Brian's statement in relation to stereotypes. What factors (familial, societal, cultural, etc.) may have encouraged Brian's statement? 50) Stereotypes about women have common features from one culture to another. What are some of these features? What might account for some of the similarities? 51) Describe briefly how the representation of women in language, advertising, and popular romance novels contributes to stereotypes of femininity. 52) Stereotypic traits of males are said to comprise an instrumental dimension, whereas those of females are defined as affective. Explain what this means. 53) What characteristics are most important in eliciting stereotypic judgments about women and men? What relationships do these characteristics have with the resistance of stereotypes to change? 54) It has been suggested that media messages about sexuality combine sexist and social class biases. Describe what this statement means. 55) Male generic terms such as "he" and "mankind" have been shown not to be truly generic. Discuss the research evidence. 56) Explain what face-ism is and provide examples. 57) Discuss the meanings and implications of face-ism. 58) Trace the racist and sexist images of African American women back to slavery, and provide modern examples of these stereotypes. 59) Discuss the media's over reliance on the expertise of men and the effects of this bias on women. 60) Citing relevant research, respond to the statement "Those feminists shouldn't make such a big deal about sexism on TV. After all, it's only entertainment!" 61) Explain why women are traditionally expected to take their husbands' names, and why the word Ms. has created such controversy.