Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide

Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide cell death that is regulated or programmed Necrosis - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction) Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!! Atrophy: - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood) Hypertrophy - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide (increase in size of cell) another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN. Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia Metaplasia - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped Cellular metabolism - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? ATP=energy - Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.