College aantekeningen Europees en internationaal beleid inzake justitie binnenlandse zaken en veiligheid (B001507A)

EU notes
PRE-SCHENGEN

JHA POLICY AREAS

- Asylum, migration, border-crossing
- Judicial cooperation in civil matters
- Criminal law/policy
o Substantive criminal law (punishable behavior)
o Criminal procedural law
o International cooperation in criminal matter (working together across borders)
 Judicial cooperation
 Police and customs cooperation
o Security



PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS

- Council of Europe = CoE
- EU
- Schengen (including Prüm)
- Benelux, NATO? OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN



COUNCIL OF EUROPE

- 1949
- 1950 ECHR / ECtHR = European court of human rights
- Today 46 countries: since last year 1 country left (Russian federation) because of strict rules
for human rights
- Intergovernmental cooperation: no binding decisions, they offer frameworks, it’s up to the
states to decide to be bound by those frameworks
- Legal instruments: conventions
- Council has a broad mandate: a lot of policy documents, including policy/penal/criminal
matters



EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

- EC-Treaties Establishing the:
o ECSC = European Coal and steel community
o EAEC = European Atomic Energy Community
o EEC = European Economic Community => TEC?

Supranational, not intergovernmental

- Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political cooperation
o Outside the formal framework of the European Communities, between the Member
States

, - TEU = Treaty on European Union: Maastricht Treaty, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice treaty, European
Constitution, Lisbon/Reform Treaty



EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

- Internal market
o Without internal borders in which free movement of goods, capital, services and
persons is guaranteed
o Focus on economic and monetary integration
o No competence as regards criminal law BUT competence to combat fraud against the
EC budget on an administrative level



SCHENGEN

BACKGROUND | CoE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY

- EEC 1957 (TEC = Treaty establishing the European Community - Het Verdrag tot oprichting van
de Europese Gemeenschap)
o 1984 European Single Act: internal market by 1992, free movement of
goods/capital/services/persons
- TEU = Treaty on European Union: Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaty => changes TEC and TEU,
integrates Schengen acquis/protocol



SCHENGEN

- 1985 initial agreement (is an agreement build on another agreement, between France and Germany)
o Gradual abolition checks at the internal borders
o = beyond free movement of persons as an EC notion

How will they control everything then? SIC

- 1990 Schengen Implementation Conventions = SIC
o Create external border
o Schengen policy short term residence + Schengen visa

Sirene: requests and validation
Later: link with VIS (visa info system)
Dublin rule: only a single member state for
o Single MS for processing asylum requests asylum, the country of first entry will take a
decision. It’s a single answer for the entire
Schengen block
Later: link with Dublin system and with Eurodac
Carrier liability: identity and register at hotels,
o SIS (NSIS, CSIS ,Sirene) + data protection on transport (control to private companies)

o Carrier liability + overnight stay registration
o Compensatory measures: police & judicial cooperation
 Proposed EU Police cooperation Code
 Recommendation hot pursuit and surveillance

, 2 legislative proposals => new Prüm II framework & lax enforcement infoex
(EPRIS)
o Weapons, drugs,… Verdrag van Prüm, 2005; regelt de uitwisseling van data voor
juridische en politiedoeleinden. Het betreft o.m. de
uitwisseling van informatie betreffende DNA en
vingerafdrukken.




o Relationship Schengen-EC
 Schengen is loyal to EC goals
 Self-dissolving potential
 Gradual absorption by EC legal instruments



SCHENGEN: POST-AMSTERDAM DEVELOPMENT

-



SCHENGEN: CRISES, CHALLENGES, RESILIENCE

-




EPC MAASTRICHT TREATY

EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION

- Intergovernmental track of integration on cooperation – ‘European political cooperation’
which is used to discuss aspects of the common foreign policy and international cooperation
in justice and home affairs
- Police cooperation started mid seventies
o TREVI: terrorism, radicalism, extremism, violence (international)
- Judicial cooperation
Dublin agreement ≠ Dublin
o Espace judiciaire europeén / European judicial area
convention
Idea launched in 1977 by Giscard d’Estaing
 Closer judicial cooperation than on CoE level Never into force because it requires
 1979 Dublin agreement never into force full ratification of the 9 states, only
4 ratified
 Draft for Espace convention never adopted
o Group judicial cooperation EC = European Community
 Continues Espace activities
 1987-1991: 5 conventions between EC MS => Transfer for detainees, ne bis in
idem, fax, transfer of proceedings, transfer of execution of sentences