Biology Summary Notes

BIOLOGY STUDIES SUMMARY
Eukaryotic Cell

 Cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cells

 Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. They are much smaller

An Animal cell contains...

 Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

A plant cell contains...

 Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall,
vacuole

Function of Nucleus

 Enclose genetic material

Function of Cytoplasm

 Liquid where chemical reactions occur

Function of cell Membrane

 Control what enters and leaves the cell

Function of Mitochondria

 Where aerobic respiration takes place

Function of Ribosomes

 Site of protein synthesis

Function of chloroplasts

 Contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis

Function of cell wall

 Strengthen the cell; made of cellulose

Function of Vacuole

 Full of cell sap; keeps the plant cells shape

, Differentiation

 The process of a cell becoming specialized; having a specific function

Sperm cells adaptations

 Half the genetic material, long tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria for energy,
contain egg-digesting enzymes

Nerve cell adaptations

 Long axons carry impulses, myelin insulates and speeds up, synapse allow impulses to
move, contains egg digesting enzymes

Muscle cell adaptations

Can contract, lots of mitochondria, wok together

Root hair cell adaptations

 Large surface area to volume ratio, no chloroplasts

Xylem adaptations

 No end walls, made from dead lignin cells

Phloem adaptations

 Have a companion cell to provide energy

Microscopes Practical

 Use a slide and place it in microscopes on the lowest magnification. Focus the
microscope while increasing the magnification.

Magnification =

 Size of image/size of real object

Electron Microscopes

 Have a higher resolution and magnification. Can see in greater detail. They are heavier,
less portable and more expensive.