WGU D236 Pathophysiology; Exam Questions With Verified Answers

Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? Alterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin > produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA increased anion gap, decreased HCO3 How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis retain H and excrete HCO3 Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? Potassium West Nile Virus Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. Spina bifida Trousseau's sign arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. hemophilia is more common in males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS Connective vs muscle tissue disorders Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing. dermatitis inflammation of the skin eczema noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching decubitus ulcer sore caused by lying down for long periods of time Fungal infections superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores may or may not be transmitted benign neoplasm noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders malignant neoplasm uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads Osteoporosis The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured. osteomalacia disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency myoglobin red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells Bursa fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another Rickets a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones Degenerative disk disease A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging Paget disease Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull communiuted fracture splintered into many pieces Three types of skin cancer 1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Melanoma basal cell carcinoma Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure squamous cell carcinoma Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules. Melanoma The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion consequences when integumentary system is disrupted impaired immunity types of burns Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain Viltigo localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood subdural hematoma collection of blood under the dura mater Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning Huntington's disease Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement Sclerosis abnormal condition of hardening disorders that cause vision loss glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision kyphosis excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. disorders that cause hearing loss Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis rheumatoid arthritis A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts. cerebral contusion the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v. TIA vs CVA TIA = -result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions multiple sclerosis A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech aneurysm ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall thrombus vs embolus Thrombus = clot in arteries embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow Artherosclerosis Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques helial injury cell formation streak formation angina pectoris chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle myocardial infarction the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack) endocaritis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart peridcarditis inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart) benign vs malignant hypertension benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release communicable disease A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. infectious disease A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. myocardial infarction causes damage to arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys. what is expected in right sided heart falure JVD what characterizes hypertensive crisis systolic BP > 180 types of anemia - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production) - Iron Deficiency - Folic Acid Deficiency - Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious Want to earn R1,135 per month? - Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced) - Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs) Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? bone marrow CD4 cells Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity Hodgkin's lymphoma distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells Lymphocytosis abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic Stable angina predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin Upper respiratory tract infection common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis lower respiratory tract infection pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis conditions that lead to COPD smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics pnemonia an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi. Asthma treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD pneumothorax air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall cor pulmonale right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung') common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders (Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v.... common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders (GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli) glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness renal calculi (kidney stones) -Minerals in urine crystallize -Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter renal cell carcinoma Want to earn R1,135 per month? cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump end-stage renal disease (ESRD) any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes ulcerative colitis chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases Diverticulitis inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy. organ targeted by virus that causes hep c liver Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads A and E - fecal/oral BCD - blood, bodily fluids Cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back) GERD cause failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct Chron's disease A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure Colon cancer symptoms/signs? 1. Right sided - iron deficiency anemia 2. Left sided - obstruction 3. "Apple core" lesion on barium enema 4. Pencil thin stools 5. Hematochezia (bright red blood) 6. Colicky pain 6. Partial obstruction risk factors for renal cancer smoking, overweight, HTN risk factors for bladder cancer Want to earn R1,135 per month? Smoking**, occupational exposure to dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history of pelvic irradiation GFR (glomerular filtration rate) used to stage chronic renal disease common characteristics of endocrine system disorders dark skin spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers orchiectomy or radiation pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex, during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor Thyroid cancer Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia, voice changes Graves disease an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight-loss, insomnia Hypothyroidism A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal -T3 and T4 are low, but TSH high. chronic fatigue, brittle nails, constipation Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) a complication of diabetes that is caused by having too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia. can cause cerebral edema; lipolysis with ketone formation is a hallmark. causes of diabetes type 1: beta cells in pancreas are destroyed (autoimmune) type 2: overweight, body becomes insulin resistant gestational: hormones during pregnancy cause glucose levels to rise diabetes insipidus (DI) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH acromegaly abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP) - HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia