A Topical Approach to Life Span 7th Edition Test Bank

Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 03 Physical Development and Biological Aging 1. (p. 92) According to the cephalocaudal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show fast growth first? A. legs B. hands C. brain D. stomach APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Patterns of Growth 2. (p. 92) According to the proximodistal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show growth earlier? A. toes B. fingers C. fine motor skills D. gross motor skills APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Patterns of Growth 3. (p. 92) Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the top of the body to the bottom? A. cephalocaudal B. proximodistal C. paradistal D. lateralization APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Patterns of Growth 4. (p. 92) In prenatal development, the head and its features grow in size and differentiation before the neck, shoulders, trunk, and limbs. What is this pattern of development called? A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. congenital D. hypothalmitic APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Patterns of Growth 5. (p. 92) Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the center of the body toward the extremities? A. cephalocaudal B. proximodistal C. paradistal D. lateralization APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Patterns of Growth 6. (p. 92) Baby Kassie can slap the tray of the highchair but cannot pick up small pieces of cereal with her fingers yet. This is an example of: A. a neurological disorder. B. cephalocaudal growth. C. a congenital birth defect. D. proximodistal growth pattern. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Patterns of Growth 7. (p. 93) Sammi was born 3 days ago and has lost 3 percent of her body weight. Should her parents be concerned? A. Yes. Sammi's parents should consult her pediatrician immediately. B. No. Babies can safely lose between 5 and 7 percent of their body weight within the first few days after birth. C. No. Babies can safely lose between 9 and 12 percent of their body weight within the first few days after birth. D. Maybe. Sammi's parents should begin supplementing breast-feeding with baby formula and weigh her twice a day to ensure no more weight is lost. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Weight 8. (p. 93) Average North American babies double their birth weight by what age? A. 1 month B. 4 months C. 8 months D. 10 months APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Weight 9. (p. 93) Marcia's baby boy weighed 8 pounds at birth. How much should he weigh by 4 months of age? A. 10 pounds B. 12 pounds C. 16 pounds D. 24 pounds APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Weight 10. (p. 93) During the second year of life, a child's growth rate: A. remains the same as growth rate in the first year of life. B. accelerates considerably. C. slows considerably. D. accelerates for physical characteristics and slows for mental processes. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Infancy Topic: Weight 11. (p. 93) Beginning in early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys and boys have more _____ tissue than girls. A. fatty; muscle B. organ; brain C. brain; organ D. muscle; fatty APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Early Childhood Topic: Weight 12. (p. 93) During the early childhood years, girls are generally _____ than boys. A. much larger B. much smaller C. slightly larger D. slightly smaller APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Early Childhood Topic: Weight 13. (p. 93) Leon is about a half inch shorter than his peers. It could be because: A. his parents are Caucasian. B. he is the first-born child. C. his mother smoked while pregnant. D. he lives in the city. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Early Childhood Topic: Height 14. (p. 93) Physical changes in middle and late childhood occur: A. at approximately the same rate as those in adolescence. B. more slowly than those in early childhood and more quickly than those in adolescence. C. in three rapid spurts. D. in a slow, consistent manner. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Height Topic: Middle and Late Childhood 15. (p. 94) Which of the following changes are most pronounced in middle and late childhood? A. changes in proportions B. changes in weight C. changes in height D. changes in brain size APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Height Topic: Middle and Late Childhood 16. (p. 94) What is the period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs in early adolescence known as? A. spermarche B. gonadarche C. puberty D. menarche APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Puberty 17. (p. 94) During early adolescence girls are generally _____ than boys. A. taller B. stronger C. heavier D. smarter APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Puberty 18. (p. 94) Sexual maturation and the development of reproductive maturity in girls are called: A. menarche. B. spermarche. C. estrarche. D. puberty. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Puberty 19. (p. 94) Which of the following statements about growth spurts is TRUE? A. It occurs approximately two years earlier for boys than for girls. B. It occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys. C. It occurs at approximately the same time for boys and girls. D. It is highly variable and occurs at a range of ages during adolescence. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Puberty 20. (p. 94) Menarche occurs during what part of puberty? A. just before it B. early C. in the middle D. rather late APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Puberty 21. (p. 95) Which structure controls growth and regulates other glands? A. pituitary gland B. hypothalamus C. gonad D. thyroid gland APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Hormonal Changes 22. (p. 95) Which structure monitors eating and sex? A. pituitary gland B. hypothalamus C. thyroid gland D. adrenal gland APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Hormonal Changes 23. (p. 95) What is the class of hormones that stimulate the testes and the ovaries known as? A. cortisols B. gonadotropins C. androgens D. estradiols APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Hormonal Changes 24. (p. 95) What are the chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that are carried by the bloodstream known as? A. endorphins B. neurotransmitters C. gonads D. hormones APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Hormonal Changes 25. (p. 95) _____ is a hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, increases in height, and change of voice? A. Cortisol B. Estrogen C. Estradiol D. Testosterone APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Hormonal Changes 26. (p. 95) _____ is a hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development. A. Cortisol B. Estradiol C. Androgens D. Testosterone APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Hormonal Changes 27. (p. 95) Thirteen-year-old Melissa's blood tests indicate testosterone levels twice as high as last year and estradiol levels eight times higher than last year. Melissa is most likely experiencing: A. normal changes as a result of having entered puberty. B. difficulties due to significant imbalances in hormonal levels. C. abnormal development of male physical characteristics. D. abnormally fast development of female physical characteristics. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Hormonal Changes 28. (p. 96) Which of the following factors affects puberty's timing and makeup? A. nutrition B. health C. eating patterns and stress D. all of these APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Timing and Variations in Puberty 29. (p. 96) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding puberty for girls and boys? A. Testosterone is present in boys only, and estradiol is present is girls only. B. The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at the age of 12 for both boys and girls. C. Both male and female adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies. D. In the United States, children mature up to two years later than children in European countries. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Body Image 30. (p. 96) Samantha lives in the United States and was 14 1/2 years old when she experienced menarche. Samantha is: A. slightly younger than average for menarche in Europe. B. entering puberty outside of the lower end of the normal range. C. within the normal range. D. entering puberty outside of the upper end of the normal range. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Early and Late Maturation 31. (p. 96) The age at which puberty arrives dropped quickly throughout the 20th century. What might account for this change? A. greenhouse effects on climate B. improved health and nutrition C. less manual labor requirements for adolescents D. trace amounts of radiation from electric appliances APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Early and Late Maturation 32. (p. 97) Joe is a late-maturing boy. How will his self-image in his 30s compare to the self- images of his early-maturing peers? A. more negative B. more positive C. about the same D. There has not been any research in this area. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Early and Late Maturation 33. (p. 97) James is going through puberty quite early. Research indicates that James is likely to: A. be rejected by his peers. B. have a negative self-image. C. have a positive self-image. D. be highly successful in his later career. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Early and Late Maturation 34. (p. 97) Andrea is an early-maturing adolescent. How does her self-image compare to the self-images of her late-maturing peers? A. more negative B. more positive C. about the same D. There has not been any research in this area. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Early and Late Maturation 35. (p. 97) Thirteen-year-old Jodi smokes and has a 16-year-old boyfriend. What might have influenced Jodi's behavior? A. amenorrhea B. late maturation C. early maturation D. poor social skills APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Early and Late Maturation 36. (p. 97) Early maturation in girls is linked to which of the following? A. problem behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and having an eating disorder B. wreckless driving C. overdependence on parents D. low academic achievement APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Early and Late Maturation 37. (p. 98) Janice is 75. How does her height MOST likely compare to when she was 25? A. She is a 1⁄4 inch shorter. B. She is a 1⁄2 inch shorter. C. She is an inch shorter. D. She is two inches shorter. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Late Adulthood Topic: Physical Appearance 38. (p. 98) Body fat accounts for _____ percent of body weight in adolescence and _____ percent or more in middle adulthood. A. 10; 20 B. 15; 25 C. 5; 15 D. 20; 25 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Physical Appearance 39. (p. 98) Bill is just beginning to sense that he has less strength, especially in his back and legs. That he is experiencing age-related loss of lean muscle mass and strength tells us he is most likely in his _____. A. 20s B. 30s C. 40s D. 50s APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Strength, Joints, and Bones 40. (p. 98) Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called: A. amenorrhea. B. gonadarche. C. osteoporosis. D. sarcopenia. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Strength, Joints, and Bones 41. (p. 98) When does maximum bone density occur? A. early 20s B. mid-20s C. early 30s D. mid-30s APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Strength, Joints, and Bones 42. (p. 98) Mac is 63 years old. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Mac's artery walls are thinning. B. Mac's blood pressure will remain about the same as it was in his 40s. C. Mac's blood cholesterol is increasing and deposits are beginning to accumulate on artery walls. D. Proteins in Mac's lung tissue are becoming more elastic. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Cardiovascular System Topic: Middle Adulthood 43. (p. 98) Which of the following does NOT affect cholesterol levels? A. blood pressure B. blood type C. eating low-fat foods D. exercise APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Cardiovascular System 44. (p. 98) A condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance is: A. sarcopenia. B. puberty. C. climacteric. D. metabolic syndrome. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Cardiovascular System 45. (p. 99) At 45 years old, Susan is having difficulty trying to conceive a child. She is likely beginning to experience: A. amenorrhea. B. menarche. C. climacteric. D. final menstruation. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Sexuality 46. (p. 99) Just as _____ has been coming earlier, _____ has been coming later. A. puberty; menarche B. sperarche; menarche C. puberty; menopause D. menopause; menarche APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Sexuality 47. (p. 99) At 51, Beverly is experiencing nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat. A blood test reveals very low levels of estrogen. Beverly is most likely experiencing symptoms of: A. climacteric. B. amenorrhea. C. menarche. D. menopause. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Sexuality 48. (p. 100) What explanation BEST accounts for why those older than 60 lose weight? A. They exercise more regularly. B. They eat smaller meals. C. They experience muscle loss. D. Their metabolism speeds up. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Late Adulthood Topic: Physical Appearance 49. (p. 100) Although physical decline is inevitable in older age: A. there is considerable individual variability in rates of decline in functioning. B. height remains the same. C. muscle tone remains about the same. D. physical appearance does not change significantly. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Late Adulthood Topic: Physical Appearance 50. (p. 100) Hypertension and stroke are signs of which of the following in older adults? A. changes in the neural system B. changes in the digestive system C. changes in the circulatory system D. changes in the musculoskeletal system APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Circulatory System Topic: Late Adulthood 51. (p. 102) Which structure is responsible for about 80 percent of the brain's volume and critical to perception, thinking, and language? A. forebrain B. cerebral cortex C. left hemisphere D. hippocampus APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 52. (p. 102) Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose? A. frontal B. occipital C. temporal D. parietal APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 53. (p. 102) Which brain lobe is responsible for vision? A. frontal B. occipital C. temporal D. parietal APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 54. (p. 102) Which brain lobe is responsible for hearing, language processing, and memory? A. frontal B. occipital C. temporal D. parietal APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 55. (p. 102) Which brain lobe is responsible for registering spatial location, attention, and motor control? A. frontal B. occipital C. temporal D. parietal APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 56. (p. 102) The hippocampus lies deeper in the brain, beneath the cortex, and plays an important role in which of the following? A. memory and emotion B. attention and impulse control C. fine motor skills D. critical and creative thinking APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 57. (p. 102) What is the layer of fat cells that helps electrical impulses travel faster along the axon of a neuron? A. dendrite B. cerebral cortex C. myelin sheath D. synapse APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 58. (p. 102) Communication in the synapses occurs through the release of chemical substances known as: A. neurotransmitters. B. neurons. C. dendrites. D. axons. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 59. (p. 102) Specialization of functions in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is called: A. myelination. B. neuronal interconnectedness. C. lateralization. D. dendritic spreading. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 60. (p. 102) Which of the following functions occur primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain? A. performing music and other creative functions B. reading and other complex, logical functions C. humor and the use of metaphors D. speech and grammar APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 61. (p. 102) Which of the following functions occur primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain? A. performing music and other creative functions B. reading and other complex, logical functions C. humor and the use of metaphors D. speech and grammar APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 62. (p. 102) Which of the following statements about brain lateralization is NOT true? A. Complex functions like performing music involve both hemispheres. B. The right and left hemispheres of the brain handle different types of information. C. People who are logical thinkers are left-brained, and creative thinkers are right-brained. D. Complex thinking requires communication between both hemispheres. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 63. (p. 103) Research shows that living in a deprived environment: A. does not significantly affect brain development. B. promotes greater brain development as compensation for impoverished conditions. C. depresses brain activity. D. is not reversible regardless of future experiences in better conditions. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Early Experience and the Brain 64. (p. 103) Anya is growing up in an orphanage and receives very little emotional, mental, or physical stimulation and nurture. Anya's brain development will likely be: A. the same as peers raised in enriched environments. B. greater than peers raised in enriched environments. C. depressed compared to peers raised in enriched environments. D. greater than her biological parents. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Early Childhood Topic: Early Experience and the Brain 65. (p. 103) Which area of baby Van's brain shows an increased brain activity when listening to speech sounds? A. right hemisphere B. left hemisphere C. occipital lobe D. parietal lobe APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Early Experience and the Brain 66. (p. 104) Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed in order to stop seizures. After much therapy, the right side of his brain began to reorganize and take over left hemisphere functions. This example supports the neuroscientific belief that what "wires" the brain is: A. repeated experience. B. lateralization. C. not affected by seizures. D. housed in the right hemisphere. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Early Experience and the Brain 67. (p. 104) A newborn's brain is _____ percent of its adult weight and grows to _____ percent of its adult weight by 2 years of age. A. 10; 20 B. 15; 25 C. 25; 50 D. 25; 75 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Development Topic: Infancy 68. (p. 105) What is meant by the "blooming and pruning" analogy of brain development? A. The brain produces many more dendrite and synapse connections than it uses (blooming). Unused connections disappear or are replaced (pruning). B. Early brain function is not specialized by location (blooming). Lateralization (pruning) occurs around 2 years of age. C. Myelination produces the brain's bumpy surface (blooming). Brain activity and learning smoothes this surface (pruning). D. Areas of the brain mature gradually and uniformly during the first half of life (blooming) and decline in the same manner during the second half of life (pruning). APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Development 69. (p. 106) Cognitive control involves all of the following EXCEPT: A. inhibiting motor actions. B. controlling attention. C. reducing interfering thoughts. D. improved vocabulary. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Development 70. (p. 106) Brain pathways and circuitry in the _____ continue to increase in middle and late childhood. A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. prefrontal cortex D. parietal lobe APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Development Topic: Middle and Late Childhood 71. (p. 106) Adolescents are often characterized as impulsive and emotional. This behavior may be due to immature development in which area of the brain? A. temporal lobe B. right hemisphere C. left hemisphere D. prefrontal cortex APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 72. (p. 106) Thirteen-year-old Jonathan is impulsive and emotional. This may be due to increased activity and growth in the: A. amygdala. B. frontal lobes. C. GABA. D. hypothalamus. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 73. (p. 106) Seventeen-year-old Jake tends to take risks while driving and is quick-tempered. This lack of self-control and reasoning may be due to the later development of the: A. corpus callosum. B. prefrontal cortex. C. amygdala. D. synapses. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 74. (p. 106) The corpus callosum, which connects the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to: A. process information. B. reason and make decisions. C. learn foreign languages. D. control aggressive behavior. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 75. (p. 106) The prefrontal cortex, which is the highest level of the frontal lobes, is involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control. It finishes most of its development during: A. early childhood. B. late adolescence. C. emerging adulthood. D. older adulthood. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Brain Development 76. (p. 106) The amygdala, which is the "seat" of emotions such as anger, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex. This may account for which of the following? A. adolescents' increased information processing speed B. adolescents' risky, impulsive behavior C. early onset of puberty D. adolescents' sharper self-regulatory skills APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 77. (p. 107) Which neurotransmitter has been associated with increased reward-seeking and risk- taking in adolescence? A. dopamine B. acetylcholine C. testosterone D. estradiol APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 78. (p. 108) What happens to the brain's weight and volume as it ages? A. weight increases, volume decreases B. volume increases, weight decreases C. weight and volume increase D. weight and volume decrease APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adulthood and Aging Topic: Slowing Brain 79. (p. 109) Ora's blood test shows a major reduction in acetylcholine. The effect of this may be responsible for: A. slowing of motor reflexes. B. symptoms of Alzheimer disease. C. symptoms of Parkinson disease. D. increased impulsivity. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Slowing Brain 80. (p. 109) Leonard's blood test shows a major reduction in dopamine. The effect of this may be responsible for: A. decreased visual acuity. B. symptoms of Alzheimer disease. C. symptoms of Parkinson disease. D. increased impulsivity. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Slowing Brain 81. (p. 109) If an older adult participates in 6 months of aerobic activity, what would most likely occur? A. decreased brain volume B. increased brain volume C. no change in brain volume D. a near-fatal increase in brain volume APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Late Adulthood 82. (p. 110) When engaging in cognitive tasks, older brains may compensate for the effects of aging with less: A. dopamine. B. lateralization. C. acetylcholine. D. myelination. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Late Adulthood 83. (p. 110) When Doctor Jansen compares brain scans belonging to a 70-year-old and a 50- year-old, what might she see in the 70-year-old brain? A. more dendrites B. more neurons C. equal number of dendrites as the 50-year-old brain D. fewer neurons and dendrites APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Late Adulthood 84. (p. 110) At what age does dendrite growth appear to stop? A. 60s B. 70s C. 80s D. 90s APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Late Adulthood 85. (p. 111) Which of the following was a conclusion reached in the brain study of the Sisters of Notre Dame of Mankato? A. High levels of folic acid were linked to increased symptoms of Alzheimer disease. B. "Serving" nuns showed more moderate declines in intellectual skills than "teaching" nuns. C. Positive emotions in early adulthood were linked to longevity. D. High levels of dopamine were linked to increased brain lateralization. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Early Adulthood 86. (p. 112) How much time can newborn Tyler's parents expect him to sleep? A. 9-13 hours a day B. 5-7 hours a day C. 16-17 hours a day D. 1-2 hours a day APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep 87. (p. 112) Tameka's newborn baby is awake for several hours during the night and often sleeps during the day. At what age will her child establish a pattern of sleeping mostly at night? A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 12 months APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep/Wake Cycle 88. (p. 112) Which of the following is true regarding 6-month-old Cassidy's sleep pattern? A. She spends most of her time in REM sleep. B. She stays awake all day. C. She takes naps during the day. D. She spends her longest span of sleep at night. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep/Wake Cycle 89. (p. 112) Which of the following has NOT been linked to shorter durations of infant sleep? A. infant TV viewing B. maternal depression during pregnancy C. early introduction of solid food D. mother's emotional availability at bedtime APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep/Wake Cycle 90. (p. 112) Six-month-old Ethan goes to day care, watches TV when his parents make dinner, and has already started eating solid food. Which of the following is likely to be a problem for Ethan and his parents? A. obesity B. nighttime waking C. night terrors D. lack of attachment with the mother APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep/Wake Cycle 91. (p. 113) What percentage of infant sleep is spent in REM sleep? A. 50% B. 75% C. 25% D. 10% APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: REM Sleep 92. (p. 113) What percentage of adult sleep is spent in REM sleep? A. 20% B. 40% C. 50% D. 75% APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Early Adulthood Topic: REM Sleep 93. (p. 113) Although some child experts argue that shared sleeping benefits babies, others recommend against it. Two recent studies link bed sharing with which of the following? A. learning delays in middle childhood B. depression in adolescence C. co-dependency issues D. SIDS APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Shared Sleeping 94. (p. 114) Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS? A. place infants on their sides to sleep B. place infants on their backs to sleep C. infants should sleep next to a parent to ensure quick response to breathing pauses D. place infants on their stomachs to sleep APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: SIDS 95. (p. 114) Molly is premature, of low birth weight, and experiences some respiratory problems while in the hospital. Molly is likely at higher risk for: A. sudden infant death syndrome. B. congenital heart disease. C. cystic fibrosis. D. folic acid deficiency. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: SIDS 96. (p. 114) Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to sudden infant death syndrome? A. passive exposure to cigarette smoke B. congenital heart disease C. sleeping on a firm mattress with little bedding D. having siblings who have died of SIDS APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: SIDS 97. (p. 114) Lack of sleep in young children is linked with which of the following? A. problems at school B. increased likelihood of depression C. attention problems D. all of these APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Sleep 98. (p. 115) Which group is MOST likely to have the greatest sleep debt? A. infants B. young children C. adolescents D. middle-aged adults APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adolescence Topic: Sleep 99. (p. 115) Which of the following is NOT associated with a lack of sleep in adolescents? A. higher levels of irritability B. higher levels of melatonin C. higher levels of depression D. higher levels of fatigue APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adolescence Topic: Sleep 100. (p. 115) Fifteen-year-old Tamara only gets about 6 hours of sleep each night. Which of the following behaviors may Tamara exhibit due to her lack of sleep? A. irritability B. depression C. fatigue D. all of these APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adolescence Topic: Sleep 101. (p. 116) What hormone prepares the body for sleep? A. melatonin B. cortisol C. testosterone D. estrogen APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Sleep 102. (p. 116) High schools in Edina, Minnesota, delayed class start time based on the finding that _____, the sleep hormone, is released approximately an hour later in older adolescents. A. cortisol B. melatonin C. testosterone D. estrogen APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adolescence Topic: Sleep 103. (p. 116) Who is MOST likely to get up latest in the day? A. Tom, who is a junior in high school B. Phil, who is a freshman in college C. Joe, who is a junior in college D. Steve, who is a senior in college APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Early Adulthood Topic: Sleep 104. (p. 116) Which of the following is NOT true about sleep in adulthood? A. poor sleep can result in earlier death B. older adults tend to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier than adolescents and emerging adults C. sleep problems in middle-aged adults are more common in those who are obese D. the average American adult gets just under 6 hours of sleep a night APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adulthood and Aging Topic: Sleep 105. (p. 116) Thirty-nine-year-old Janice is considered sleep-deprived because she only gets about 6 hours of sleep instead of the recommended: A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 10. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Sleep 106. (p. 116-117) What is true of 45-year-old Jim's sleep patterns compared to those of his 21- year-old son, Matt? A. Jim requires an average of 2 hours more sleep than Matt. B. Jim spends more time trying to fall asleep than Matt. C. Jim stays up later and wakes later than Matt. D. Jim experiences more wakeful periods during the night but about the same total hours of sleep. APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Middle Adulthood Topic: Sleep 107. (p. 117) The maximum life span of human beings is approximately __________ years. A. 90 B. 100 C. 120 D. 150 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Life Span 108. (p. 118) Which of the following BEST explains why life expectancy is longer now than in the early 1900s? A. People today have fewer children. B. People today engage in less risky behavior. C. People today suffer from less anxiety and stress. D. People today have better health care and nutrition. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Life Expectancy 109. (p. 118) The average life expectancy of individuals born today is over _____ years for women and over _____ years for men. A. 75; 81 B. 80; 75 C. 84; 80 D. 76; 72 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Life Expectancy 110. (p. 118) Why is life expectancy for women longer than for men? A. Women engage in healthier lifestyles than men. B. Women experience less stress than men. C. Women work harder and for more years than men. D. Men generally suffer greater financial hardship than women. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Life Expectancy 111. (p. 118) Pat is 102 years old. Pat is MOST likely: A. from the United States. B. male. C. well off financially. D. stress-free. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Centenarians Topic: Late Adulthood 112. (p. 121) The cellular clock theory holds that our cells divide: A. until trapped free radicals split them apart. B. more quickly as we age and thus, die faster. C. more efficiently as we age. D. approximately 75-80 times before they die. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Cellular Clock Theory 113. (p. 122) What are the DNA sequences that cap chromosomes and become shorter as cells replicate? A. telomeres B. free radicals C. cellular clocks D. amino acids APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Cellular Clock Theory 114. (p. 122) Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by: A. removing the caps of DNA molecules. B. injecting it with telomerase. C. rearranging the DNA sequences. D. splicing the 18th and 19th chromosomes. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Cellular Clock Theory 115. (p. 121-122) Dr. LaRossa hypothesizes that as we age our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing. Which theory of aging does he espouse? A. telomerase-injection B. cellular-clock C. free radical D. hormonal stress APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Cellular Clock Theory 116. (p. 122) Which theory of aging proposes that unstable oxygen molecules ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other structures? A. cellular clock B. free radical C. mitochondrial D. hormonal stress APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Free-Radical Theory 117. (p. 122) Which two theories claim that damage incurred by unstable oxygen molecules precipitates the aging process? A. cellular clock and free radical B. free radical and hormonal stress C. mitochondrial and free radical D. hormonal stress and cellular clock APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Mitochondrial Theory 118. (p. 122) Dr. DeLargo hypothesizes that a newly discovered glandular substance protects cells from deterioration by strengthening the cell wall against detrimental materials. Which theory of aging does she espouse? A. telomere B. cellular clock C. hormonal stress D. free radical APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory 119. (p. 122) Kat's doctor warns that prolonged and elevated levels of adrenaline and other anxiety-induced substances will increase Kat's risk for many diseases. Which theory of aging does her doctor espouse? A. mitochondrial B. free radical C. cellular clock D. hormonal stress APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory 120. (p. 122) Professor Mayfield is teaching her class about the harmful effects of stress, citing that it can lead to an early death. Which theory of aging does Professor Mayfield likely espouse? A. hormonal stress B. cellular clock C. life events D. free radical APA Outcome: 1.2 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory 121. (p. 122) What is the main difference in the way younger people and older people respond to stress? A. Older people have a reduced production of hormones that return the body to normal after stress. B. Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress. C. The process of aging increases the pituitary gland's response to stress, making it work harder. D. Older people keep stress hormones in their system longer. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory Topic: Late Adulthood 122. (p. 122) Reducing oxidative damage in older adults can be potentially achieved through: A. overeating. B. exercise. C. intellectually challenging tasks. D. mid-afternoon naps. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory Topic: Late Adulthood Short Answer Questions 123. (p. 92) Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns of development. Cephalocaudal pattern: the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top— the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. Proximodistal pattern: the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Patterns of Growth 124. (p. 93) List three factors that can cause a child to be unusually short. 1. emotional problems 2. a mother who smoke(d)(s) 3. growth hormone deficiency 4. congenital factors: genetic or prenatal problems 5. a physical problem that develops in childhood APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Early Childhood Topic: Height 125. (p. 95-96) Briefly describe how the hormonal system works in puberty. The pituitary gland sends a signal via gonadotropins to the appropriate gland to manufacture the hormone. Then the pituitary gland, through interaction with the hypothalamus, detects when the optimal level of hormones is reached and responds by adjusting gonadotropin secretion. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Hormonal Changes 126. (p. 96-97) Describe how the onset of puberty has changed since the mid-nineteenth century. The average age of onset of puberty steadily decreased since the mid-nineteenth century. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Topic: Timing and Variations in Puberty 127. (p. 97) Discuss the body images of early versus late maturation in girls and boys. Early-maturing boys have a more positive body image than late-maturing peers. Early- maturing girls have a slightly more positive body image than late-maturing peers. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Body Image 128. (p. 97-99) Identify five physical changes that take place during middle or late adulthood. 1. individuals become shorter 2. the skin wrinkles and sags 4. loss of strength 5. progressive bone loss 6. weight gain 7. age spots 8. hair grays and thins 10. muscles lose strength and mass 11. blood cholesterol increases 12. artery walls thicken 13. blood pressure rises 14. lungs lose elasticity 15. climacteric APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-01 Discuss major changes in the body through the life span Topic: Late Adulthood Topic: Physical Appearance 129. (p. 102) Name and list one function of each of the four brain lobes. Frontal lobes: voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intention Occipital lobes: vision Temporal lobes: hearing, language processing, memory Parietal lobes: spatial location, attention, motor control APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Structure and Function 130. (p. 102-103) Describe how information is transmitted by neurons. The dendrites of the cell body receive information from other neurons, muscles, or glands through the axon. Axons transmit information away from the cell body. A myelin sheath covers most axons and speeds information transmission. As the axon ends, it branches out into terminal buttons. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 131. (p. 102) Explain the concept of lateralization in the brain. To some extent, the type of information handled by neurons depends on whether they are in the left or right hemisphere of the cortex. The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called lateralization. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Neurons 132. (p. 103-105) Describe "blooming and pruning" as it relates to brain formation. Nearly twice as many dendrite and synapse connections are made than will be used (blooming). The connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones disappear or are replaced (pruning). "Blooming and pruning" vary considerably by brain region in humans. Both environment and heredity are thought to influence synaptic overproduction and subsequent pruning. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Brain Development 133. (p. 106-107) Describe the possible relationship between physical brain development and behavior in adolescents. Adolescent brains show a large amount of activity and growth in areas of the brain, such as the amygdala which may lead to more emotional reacting. Frontal lobe development is slow during this time and may lead to more impulsive reacting, lack of reasoning, and poor self- control. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adolescence Topic: Brain Development 134. (p. 109) Describe one consequence of declining levels of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine. Acetylcholine: decline of memory, Alzheimer disease Dopamine: problems in planning and carrying out motor activities, loss of motor control, Parkinson disease APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Slowing Brain 135. (p. 108-111) Describe three ways in which the brain adapts as it ages. 1. Humans can grow new brain cells. 2. Dendrite growth increases from the 40s through the 70s, possibly compensating for lost neurons. 3. Rewiring—neighboring neurons may compensate for damaged counterparts. Brains can shift responsibilities from one region to another. 4. Myelination connecting the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system increases in the 40s and 50s, facilitating reflection. 5. Less lateralization occurs, integrating both hemispheres in cognitive tasks. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-02 Describe how the brain changes through the life span Topic: Adapting Brain Topic: Adulthood and Aging 136. (p. 114) List five risk factors associated with SIDS. 1. low birth weight 2. infants with a sibling who died of SIDS 3. sleep apnea 4. parents who smoke 5. sleeping in a position other than on the back 6. African American or Eskimo ethnicity 7. low socioeconomic status 8. sleeping on soft bedding APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Infancy Topic: SIDS 137. (p. 115-116) Discuss the harmful effects of sleep deficiency on adolescents. Lack of sleep is linked to sleeping during school, drinking more caffeinated beverages, and negative behaviors such as crankiness, fatigue, and irritability. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-03 Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop Topic: Adolescence Topic: Sleep 138. (p. 118) Name one biological factor that may influence women's longevity over men's longevity. 1. Estrogen production helps protect women from arteriosclerosis—hardening of the arteries. 2. The additional X chromosome that women carry may be associated with the production of more antibodies to fight off disease. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Life Expectancy 139. (p. 121-122) Explain the cellular clock theory of aging. The cellular clock theory of aging states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that, as we age, our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Cellular Clock Theory 140. (p. 122) Explain the free radical theory of aging. The free radical theory of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Free-Radical Theory 141. (p. 122) Explain the mitochondrial theory of aging. The mitochondrial theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of mitochondria within cells. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Mitochondrial Theory 142. (p. 122) Explain the hormonal stress theory of aging. The hormonal stress theory states that aging in the body's hormonal system may lower resilience to stress and increase the likelihood of contracting a disease. APA Outcome: 1.2 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging Topic: Hormonal Stress Theory Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 05 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development 1. (p. 159) According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory. A. bio-psycho-motor B. dynamic systems C. bio-behavioral D. perceptual systems APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Motor Development 2. (p. 159) According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills? A. Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements. B. Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation. C. Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors. D. Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Motor Development 3. (p. 159) Six-month-old Andy is learning to scoot on his tummy in order to obtain nearby toys. This is an example of the: A. dynamic systems theory of motor coordination. B. bio-psycho-motor theory of coordination. C. physio motor theory of maturation. D. genetic plan theory of motor maturation. APA Outcome: 1.1 APA Outcome: 1.3 Blooms Taxonomy: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Motor Development 4. (p. 160) Infant reflexes: A. assist in the development of intermodal perception. B. may be important building blocks for later motor activity. C. enable the infant to survive the birthing process without physical damage. D. help strengthen the emotional bond with a primary caregiver. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Reflexes 5. (p. 160) What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? A. reflexes B. motor skills C. vision and hearing D. dynamic systems APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Remember Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Reflexes 6. (p. 160) Infants root in order to: A. find something to grasp. B. find something to suck. C. calm down. D. go to sleep. APA Outcome: 1.1 Blooms Taxonomy: Understand Difficulty Level: Basic Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe how motor skills develop Topic: Infancy Topic: Reflexes 7. (p. 160) Which statement BEST describes the relationship between