LE/EECS 1520 Test Questions and Correct Solutions Graded A+

Abacus - earliest computing device, finger-powered calculator Algorithm - a finite set of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem Jacquard Loom - used punch cards to later make into coding Claude Shannon - introduced application of Boolean Logic and was the father of the modern information age Von Neumann Architecture - Basis for modern computers Alan Turing - Broke the Enigma Code ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer Grace Murray Hopper - cCreated first complier Transistor - Most important invention of 20th century, replaced bulky vacuum tubes Integrated Circuit - - Many transistors on small surface - lowered costs of computers Margaret Hamilton - - Pioneer for software engineering - Led team that coded computers aiding in travel to the moon Gordon Bell - Developed "mini-computers" 2 main ways of representing information - Analog and Digital Analog Data - - Continuous representation of data - ex: thermometer Digital Data - - Discrete representation of data - Easier to process on computers - ex: digital clock Conversion from Analog to Digital Data - - Step 1. Sampling: turning continuous data into discrete snapshots - Step 2. Quantization: converts infinite range of values into finite one Bit - Binary digit, 0 or 1. Byte - Group of 8 bits ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange Data compression techniques - - Losseless - Lossy Keyword Encoding - - Least effective lossless compression technique - Replacing a frequently used word with a single character - Doesn't have good compression ratio Run-Length Encoding (RLE) - - Lossless compression technique - Repeated characters are replaced by flag character or single digit Huffman encoding - - Most effective lossless compression technique - Uses binary string to represent a character Digitizing Sound - Involves taking samples at fixed sampling rate Nyquist-Shannon - Sampling theorem Bit depth in sampling - More bits = better sample quality Audio compression techniques - Lossless, Lossy, Codecs FLAC Codec - - Lossless; combo of RLE and Huffman - Used for high quality audio MP3 Codec - - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates - Popular on mobile devices AAC Codec - - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates - Better than MP3 - Popular on smartphones Pixel - Dots of colour in an image Resolution - the number of pixels in a display device Vector Graphics - Image that is defined using mathematical equations representing lines, curves, and polygons Raster Graphics - Composed of matrix of pixels, created by paint applications GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) - - Lossless indexed colour PNG (Portable Network Graphics) - - Lossless indexed colour and RLE JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) - Lossy, ideal format for photos Video - Frames of still images in rapid succession Gate - Device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals Circuits - Gates combined to perform more complicated tasks NOT Gate - A logic gate that takes in 1 input & outputs the opposite AND Gate - A logic gate that outputs 1 if both inputs are 1 OR Gate - A logic circuit whose output is 1 when at least one input is 1 NAND Gate - A logic circuit whose output is 0 when all inputs are 1 NOR Gate - A logic circuit whose output is 0 when at least one output is 1