Understanding Pathophysiology 5th Edition Huether and McCance Test Bank Complete Chapters 1-48 ()

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following genetic factors should the nurse assess for as it would most likely accompany this diagnosis? ANS: C Down syndrome is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany the diagnosis of a congenital heart defect. a. Huntington disease b. Color blindness c. Down syndrome d. Hemophilia Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition Down syndrome, not Huntington disease, is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Down syndrome, not color blindness, is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Down syndrome, not hemophilia, is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect. REF: p. 643 2. A newborn child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. What symptoms would the nurse expect to observe in the child? ANS: B The child will experience cyanosis and hypoxia. This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system, causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis. It will not cause a highpitched cry. This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system, causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis. It will not cause leg pain; leg pain occurs in coarctation of the aorta. This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system, causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis. Epistaxis is associated with coarctation of the aorta. REF: p. 649 3. A newborn is diagnosed with congenital heart disease. Which of the following intrauterine factors should the nurse focus on during the history that could have caused this disorder? a. High-pitched cry and dyspnea b. Cyanosis and hypoxia c. Leg pain and twitching d. Epistaxis and anemia a. Diabetes b. Alcohol exposure c. Viral infection d. Dextroamphetamine Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition ANS: C One of the identified causes of cardiac defects, such as pulmonic stenosis, is maternal conditions, such as intrauterine viral infections, especially rubella. Diabetes contributes to large babies; maternal infection contributes to cardiac abnormalities. Alcohol exposure contributes to abnormalities such as facial changes; maternal conditions, such as intrauterine viral infections, especially rubella, lead to congenital abnormalities. Medications such as dextroamphetamines lead to other abnormalities; maternal conditions, such as intrauterine viral infections, especially rubella, lead to congenital abnormalities. REF: p. 643 4. When a staff member asks what coarctation of the aorta is, how should the nurse respond? Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the: ANS: B Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus. Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, not the aortic valve. Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, not the diaphragm. Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, not the bifurcation site. REF: p. 644 5. A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis? a. Aortic valve b. Ductus arteriosus c. Diaphragm d. Bifurcation into the common iliac arteries a. Cyanosis b. Bounding pedal pulses c. Cool arms Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition d. Weak or absent femoral pulses ANS: D The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities. The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities. Coarctation is not a cyanotic defect. The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities, not bounding pedal pulses. The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities. The infant will have warm arms because blood flow is present in the upper extremities. REF: p. 644 6. A 1-month-old infant visits his primary care provider for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis? ANS: B The infant with aortic stenosis will also be experiencing ventricular hypertrophy because of the resistance of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Ventricular hypertrophy will occur, not atrial dilation. Ventricular hypertrophy will occur, not atrial rigidity. Ventricular hypertrophy will occur, not decreased contractility. REF: p. 646 7. A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. She is diagnosed with pulmonic stenosis (PS) after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary: a. Atrial dilation b. Ventricular hypertrophy c. Atrial rigidity d. Decreased contractility a. Tree b. Artery Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition c. Valve orifice d. Vein ANS: C PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve, not the pulmonary tree, causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve, not the pulmonary artery, causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve, not the vein, causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. REF: p. 647 8. When a staff member asks what the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called, how should the nurse reply? It is the: ANS: C In the fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus is an opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The foramen ovale allows flow of blood between the left and right atrium. The sinus venosus is a type of atrial septal defect. The septal defect is an opening in the septum. REF: p. 647 9. A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur. She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A nurse recalls this condition results in a(n): a. Foramen ovale b. Sinus venosus c. Ductus arteriosus d. Septal defect a. Decreased pulmonary blood flow b. Right-to-left shunt c. Left-to-right shunt d. Increased systemic blood flow Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition ANS: C PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close. The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery, causing a left-to-right shunt. PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close. The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery, causing a left-to-right shunt. It does not cause decreased pulmonary blood flow PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close. The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery, causing a left-to-right shunt. PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close. The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery, causing a left-to-right shunt. It could decrease systemic blood flow, not increase it. REF: p. 647 10. An infant undergoes an echocardiogram for a suspected heart defect. Tests reveal an opening in the middle of the atrial septum. What term would the nurse use to describe this defect? ANS: B An opening in the middle of the atrial septum is referred to as an ostium secundum ASD. An ostium primum ASD is an opening low in the atrial septum and may be associated with abnormalities of the mitral valve. A sinus venosus ASD is an opening usually high in the atrial wall and may be associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition in which shunting of blood is reversed because of high pulmonary pressure and resistance. REF: p. 648 a. Ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD) b. Ostium secundum ASD c. Sinus venosus ASD d. Eisenmenger syndrome Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition 11. Which is the most common type of congenital heart defect the nurse should assess for in infants? ANS: B The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD. The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD, not an ASD. The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD, not tetralogy of Fallot. The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD, not atrioventricular canal defect. REF: p. 648 12. An 8-week-old infant presents to her primary care provider for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. If left untreated, what condition should the nurse discuss with the parents? ANS: A If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected, the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension. If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected, the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension. Cyanosis is not present at first if the shift is left to right. If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected, the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension. Dysrhythmias do not occur. If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected, the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension. The defect does not lead to valve damage. REF: p. 648 a. Atrial septal defect (ASD) b. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) c. Tetralogy of Fallot d. Atrioventricular canal defect a. Pulmonary hypertension b. Cyanosis c. Dysrhythmias d. Valve damage Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition 13. A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup. The heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect. This defect is the result of: ANS: B AVC defect is the result of incomplete fusion of endocardial cushions. A patent ductus is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close. The infant will not experience a patent foramen ovale. Flow is generally left to right, not right to left. REF: p. 649 14. A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart? ANS: C Infants with tetralogy of Fallot experience cyanosis after crying or during feeding. Infants with AVC defect may experience cyanosis, but it is not related to feeding or crying. Infants with a VSD do not experience cyanosis. Infants with an ASD do not experience cyanosis. REF: p. 649 15. A newborn child has a murmur and cyanosis. An echocardiogram reveals that the tricuspid valve failed to develop and no blood flows between the right atrium and ventricle. What term will the nurse use to describe this condition? Tricuspid: a. Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close b. Fusion of the endocardial cushions c. A patent foramen ovale d. A right-to-left shunt a. Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect b. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) c. Tetralogy of Fallot d. Atrial septal defect (ASD) a. Regurgitation b. Stenosis Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition c. Atresia d. Transposition ANS: C Tricuspid atresia is failure of the tricuspid valve to develop; consequently, there is no communication from the right atrium to the right ventricle. In regurgitation, blood moves backwards, but is not obstructed. In stenosis, blood flow is narrowed, but not totally obstructed. In transposition, the two great vessels are on opposite sides. REF: p. 649 16. When the pediatrician cardiologist discusses total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, which of the following statements BEST describes this condition? ANS: B The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation, rather than to the left atrium. The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation, rather than to the left atrium. It does not include closure of the foramen ovale after birth. The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation, rather than to the left atrium. The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation, rather than to the left atrium. It does not involve closure of the foramen ovale. REF: p. 662 17. A newborn baby is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. A nurse assesses for which of the following, as it usually occurs with this defect? a. The foramen ovale closes after birth. b. Pulmonary venous return is to the right atrium. c. Pulmonary venous return is to the left atrium. d. The foramen ovale does not close. a. The pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle b. The aorta leaving the right ventricle c. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) d. Atrial septal defect (ASD) Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition ANS: B In transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery leaves the left ventricle and the aorta exits from the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery normally leaves the right ventricle. A VSD is not associated with transposition of the great arteries. An ASD is not associated with transposition of the great arteries. REF: p. 651 18. A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus (TA) with a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following would the nurse also expect? ANS: D TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta, resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart. TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta, resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart. It does not involve hypertrophy of the aorta. TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta, resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart. It does not involve transposition of the aorta. TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta, resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart. It does not involve the aorta returning blood to the right atrium. REF: p. 652 19. A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. The diagnosis is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The nurse will anticipate that the treatment for this defect is: a. Hypertrophy of the aorta and major arteries b. Transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk c. The aorta returning blood to the right atrium d. Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel a. An indication for neonatal heart transplant b. Rarely fatal c. Easily repaired Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition d. Asymptomatic ANS: A Treatment of HLHS is heart surgery and the possibility of a heart transplant. The disorder is often fatal. Repair of the disorder requires multiple progressive surgeries. Symptoms of the disorder includes mild cyanosis, tachypnea, and low cardiac output. REF: p. 653 20. A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing left-sided heart failure. Which of the following symptoms will most likely occur? ANS: A Left heart failure in infants is manifested as poor feeding and sucking, often leading to failure to thrive and periorbital edema. Left heart failure in infants is manifested as poor feeding and sucking, often leading to failure to thrive. Peripheral edema is a sign of right-sided failure. Weight loss can occur, but not jaundice. Flat neck veins and increased urinary output are not symptomatic of failure. REF: p. 654 21. A 3-year-old male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Which of the following does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause? ANS: D Kawasaki disease is related to inflammation of small capillaries. Kawasaki disease is due to inflammation, not a genetic defect. Kawasaki disease is due to inflammation, not an autoimmune disease. Kawasaki disease is due to inflammation, not infectious pericarditis. a. Failure to thrive and periorbital edema b. Edema to the hands and feet c. Weight loss and jaundice d. Flat neck veins and increased urinary output a. A genetic defect causing left heart failure b. Autoimmune injury to the lymphatic vessels c. Infectious pericarditis d. Inflammation of the small capillaries, arteries, and veins Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition REF: p. 654 22. A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her primary care provider. The nurse would expect tests to suggest that the hypertension is secondary to: ANS: A Hypertension in a 5-year-old is related to renal disease. Hypertension in a 5-year-old is related to renal disease, not a brain tumor. Hypertension in a 5-year-old is related to renal disease, not hypocalcemia. Hypertension in a 5-year-old is related to renal disease, not hyponatremia. REF: p. 655 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congenital heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother’s history? (Select all that apply.) ANS: A, D Coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus are the disorders found in infants of mothers with PKU. REF: p. 644 2. A newborn child is diagnosed with trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects should the nurse assess for in the infant? (Select all that apply.) a. Renal disease b. Brain tumor c. Hypocalcemia d. Hyponatremia a. Coarctation of aorta b. Pulmonic stenosis c. Ventricular septal defect d. Patent ductus arteriosus e. Tetralogy of Fallot a. Patent ductus b. Coarctation of the aorta Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition c. Atrioventricular canal defect d. Ventricular septal defect e. Pulmonary stenosis ANS: A, D, E The infant with trisomy 18 could present with a ventricular septal defect, a patent ductus, or pulmonary stenosis. REF: p. 644 Chapter 25: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition Chapter 25: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nasopharynx is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. The nurse is discussing the functions of this membrane. Which information should be included? One function of the membrane is to: ANS: B These structures are lined with a ciliated mucosa that warms and humidifies inspired air and removes foreign particles from it. Air is not absorbed, it is humidified. Air is warmed, not cooled. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. REF: p. 659 2. The nurse is describing the slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords. What term should the nurse use? a. Absorb air b. Humidify air c. Cool air d. Exchange gases a. Glottis b. Epiglottis Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition c. Larynx d. Carina ANS: A The slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords forms the glottis. The slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords forms the glottis, not the epiglottis. The slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords forms the glottis, not the larynx. The slit-shaped space between the true vocal cords forms the glottis, not the carina. REF: p. 659 3. After entering a room of chemical fog, a 20-year-old male cannot stop sneezing. Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for his sneezing? ANS: C The irritant receptors in the nostrils are responsible for sneezing. The irritant receptors in the nostrils are responsible for sneezing, not the upper respiratory tract mucosa. The irritant receptors in the nostrils are responsible for sneezing, not those in the trachea. The irritant receptors in the nostrils are responsible for sneezing, not the turbinates. REF: p. 660 4. A newborn is in respiratory distress and requires ventilation. Tests reveal that he does not produce surfactant due to the absence of: ANS: B Surfactant is produced by the type II alveolar cells. Surfactant is produced by the type II alveolar cells, not mucus-producing cells. Surfactant is produced by the type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages. a. Upper respiratory tract mucosa b. Irritant receptors in the trachea and large airways c. Irritant receptors in the nostrils d. Upper respiratory nasal hairs and turbinates a. Mucus-producing cells b. Type II alveolar cells c. Alveolar macrophages d. Goblet cells Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition Surfactant is produced by the type II alveolar cells, not goblet cells. REF: p. 663 5. The nurse is describing the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues. What term should the nurse use to describe this process? ANS: A Perfusion is the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues. Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Diffusion is the movement of gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream. Circulation is the movement of blood throughout the blood stream. REF: p. 659 6. Which principle should the nurse remember while planning care for a patient with respiratory problems? Diffusion of respiratory gases takes place at the: ANS: B Diffusion of respiratory gases takes place across the alveolocapillary membrane. The visceral pleurae are the linings of the lung; gas exchange does not occur here. The parietal pleurae are the linings of the lung; gas exchange does not occur here. The respiratory center is where impulses to the respiratory muscles are generated. REF: p. 672 7. Students in a histology class are assigned to identify regions of the lung. The slide shows a basement membrane, capillary lumen, and macrophages. The students are looking at the: a. Perfusion b. Ventilation c. Diffusion d. Circulation a. Alveolocapillary membrane b. Visceral pleurae c. Parietal pleurae d. Respiratory center Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition a. Trachea b. Bronchioles c. Alveoli d. Bronchus ANS: C The alveoli contain a basement membrane, a capillary lumen, and macrophages. The trachea does not contain these substances. The bronchioles do not contain these substances. The bronchus does not contain these substances. REF: p. 662 8. A nurse recalls the pleural membranes are examples of membranes. a. Mucous b. Serous c. Synovial d. Peritoneal ANS: B The pleural membranes are serous membranes. The pleural membranes are serous membranes, not mucous membranes, which are found in the mouth. The pleural membranes are serous membranes, not synovial, which are found in joints. The pleural membranes are serous membranes, not peritoneal, which are found in the bowel. REF: p. 663 9. A nurse is teaching about the functions of the pulmonary system. Which information should the nurse include? One of the functions of the pulmonary system is the: a. Expelling of bacteria b. Exchange of gases between the environment and blood c. Movement of blood into and out of the capillaries d. Principle mechanism for cooling of the heart Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition ANS: B The pulmonary system promotes exchange of gases between the environment and the blood. One of the functions of the pulmonary system is exchange of gases, not the expelling of bacteria. One of the functions of the pulmonary system is exchange of gases, not the movement of blood into and out of the capillaries. One of the functions of the pulmonary system is exchange of gases, not cooling the heart. REF: p. 660 10. A 42-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he suffered a severe head injury. He died shortly after the accident from loss of respiration. The nurse suspects the area of the brain most likely involved is the: ANS: D The respiratory center in the brainstem controls respiration by transmitting impulses to the respiratory muscles, causing them to contract and relax. The cerebral cortex does not control respiration. The thalamus does not control respiration. The basal ganglia do not control respiration. REF: p. 665 11. The pulmonologist talks about the receptors that respond to increased pulmonary capillary pressure. What term will indicate the nurse understands? They are called: ANS: D a. Cerebral cortex b. Thalamus c. Basal ganglia d. Brainstem a. Irritant receptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Stretch receptors d. J receptors Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition J-receptors (juxtapulmonary capillary receptors) are located near the capillaries in the alveolar septa. They are sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, which stimulates them to initiate rapid, shallow breathing, hypotension, and bradycardia. The J-receptors respond to capillary changes, not the irritant receptors. The J-receptors respond to capillary changes, not the chemoreceptors. The J-receptors respond to capillary changes, not the stretch receptors. REF: p. 665 12. While reviewing the results of the pulmonary functions test, the nurse is aware that the maximum amount of gas that can be displaced (expired) from the lung is called: ANS: A VC is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration. VC is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration. Total lung capacity is the volume of lung capacity at full inhalation. VC is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration. Functional capacity is not a term used to describe function tests. VC is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration. Residual volume is the amount of air remaining after exhalation. REF: p. 669 13. The nurse is describing the receptors in the lung that decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated. Which receptors is the nurse discussing? ANS: C Stretch receptors decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated. Stretch receptors, not carbon dioxide receptors, decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated. a. Vital capacity (VC) b. Total lung capacity c. Functional capacity d. Residual volume a. Carbon dioxide receptors b. Baroreceptors c. Stretch receptors d. Chemoreceptors Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition Stretch receptors decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated; baroreceptors regulate blood pressure. Stretch receptors decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated; chemoreceptors increase the rate and depth of respiration. REF: p. 666 14. The pulmonologist is presenting a workshop over the lungs. Which information should be included? The lung receives parasympathetic innervation by the nerve. ANS: A Parasympathetic innervations for the lung are via the vagus nerve. Parasympathetic innervations for the lung are via the vagus nerve, not the phrenic. Parasympathetic innervations for the lung are via the vagus nerve, not the brachial. Parasympathetic innervations for the lung are via the vagus nerve, not the pectoral. REF: p. 666 15. While planning care for a patient with respiratory difficulty and retaining too much carbon dioxide, which principle should the nurse recall? would be stimulated in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state. ANS: D Chemoreceptors monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of CSF and can maintain a normal PaCO2. Chemoreceptors monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of CSF. The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of CSF and can maintain a normal PaCO2. Irritant receptors sense the need to expel unwanted substances. a. Vagus b. Phrenic c. Brachial d. Pectoral a. Irritant receptors b. Stretch receptors c. Peripheral chemoreceptors d. Central chemoreceptors Chapter 01: Cellular Biology Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition Chemoreceptors monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of CSF. The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of CSF and can maintain a normal PaCO2. Stretch receptors decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated. Chemoreceptors monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of CSF and can maintain a normal PaCO2. The peripheral chemoreceptors become the major stimulus to ventilation when the central chemoreceptors are reset. REF: p. 666 16. If an individual with respiratory difficulty were retaining too much carbon dioxide, which of the following compensatory responses would the nurse expect to be initiated? ANS: A To rid the body of excess carbon dioxide, the rate and depth of respiration are increased. A decrease in ventilation rate would increase carbon dioxide. An increase in tidal volume would not decrease carbon dioxide. Vasodilation of the pulmonary arterioles will not rid the body of carbon dioxide. REF: p. 666 17. During inspiration, muscular contraction of the diaphragm causes air to move into the lung. The mechanisms that drive air movement during inspiration are a(n): ANS: C Inspiration occurs due to an increase in the size of the thorax and a decrease in intrapleural pressure.